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Date: 02-22-2021
Case Style:
Amanda Shanae Willis v. The State of Texas
Case Number: 08-19-00065-CR
Judge: YVONNE T. RODRIGUEZ
Court: 109th District Court Of Andrews County, Texas
Plaintiff's Attorney: Hon. Timothy J. Mason
Defendant's Attorney:
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Description:
El Paso, TX - Criminal defense attorney represented Amanda Shanae Willis with a Aggravated Robbery charge.
During Appellant’s sentencing hearing, Appellant requested the jury recommend she be
granted community supervision. Appellant called her mother to testify on her behalf—Paula Willis
(“Ms. Willis”). Ms. Willis testified as a character witness, describing Appellant had a plan to make
herself a successful probationer.
On cross-examination, Ms. Willis testified Appellant had not been in trouble since the date
of the underlying charged offense. The State responded by impeaching Ms. Willis, asking, “[h]ave
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you heard [Appellant] was arrested for possession of methamphetamine?” Defense counsel for
Appellant timely objected, arguing the State was precluded from addressing the arrest “unless he
can prove up every element of some case.” The court requested a bench conference. The State
explained Ms. Willis opened the door by stating Appellant had not been in trouble since. The court
instructed the State limit its inquiry and overruled Appellant’s objection.
Neither party objected to the court’s charge as submitted to the jury. During jury
deliberations, the jury foreman asked the court whether the jury was allowed to consider
Appellant’s methamphetamine possession arrest. The judge responded by stating the jury was
required to follow the instructions as stated in the court's charge.
Procedural Background
Appellant plead guilty to aggravated robbery and elected to have a jury assess punishment
TEX.PENAL CODE ANN. § 29.03. The jury sentenced Appellant to confinement by the Texas
Department of Criminal Justice for a term of five years. This appeal follows.
DISCUSSION
In Issue One, Appellant asserts the trial court erred by overruling Appellant’s objection to
the State’s questioning of a prior arrest during the cross-examination of Appellant’s character
witness. In Issue Two, Appellant argues defense counsel was ineffective at trial for failing to
request the jury be instructed to not consider the prior arrest unless the State proved the offense
beyond a reasonable doubt. We affirm.
Standard of Review
We review a trial court’s actions as to the admissibility of extraneous offense evidence for
abuse of discretion. Mitchell v. State, 931 S.W.2d 950, 953 (Tex.Crim.App. 1996)(quoting Saenz
v. State, 843 S.W.2d 24, 26 (Tex.Crim.App. 1992). This Court will reverse only upon a clear abuse
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of discretion. Wyatt v. State, 23 S.W.3d 18, 26 (Tex.Crim.App. 2000). There is no abuse of
discretion so long as the trial court’s ruling is within the “zone of reasonable disagreement.” Devoe
v. State, 354 S.W.3d 457, 469 (Tex.Crim.App. 2011)(quoting Prible v. State, 175 S.W.3d 724, 731
(Tex.Crim.App. 2005)). “If the trial court’s evidentiary ruling is correct on any theory of law
applicable to that ruling, it will not be disturbed, even if the trial judge gave the wrong reason for
his correct ruling.” Id.
Applicable Law
Admissibility Under Article 37.07
The Texas Code of Criminal Procedure permits the presentation of evidence of extraneous
crimes or bad acts committed by the defendant during the punishment phase of trial for the purpose
of assessing punishment. TEX.CODE CRIM.PROC.ANN. art. 37.07, § 3(a)(1), see Smith v. State, 577
S.W.3d 548, 551 (Tex.Crim.App. 2019). The evidence must be relevant to sentencing, and it is
relevant if it is “helpful to the jury in determining the appropriate sentence for a particular
defendant in a particular case.” Beham v. State, 559 S.W.3d 474, 479 (Tex.Crim.App.
2018)(quoting McGee v. State, 233 S.W.3d 315, 318 (Tex.Crim.App. 2007)). The Texas Court of
Criminal Appeals has held the distinction between crimes and bad acts under Article 37.07 as
irrelevant. Smith, 577 S.W.3d at 551. Furthermore,
[u]nlike the guilt-innocence phase, the question at punishment is not whether the
defendant has committed a crime, but instead what sentence should be assessed.
Whereas the guilt-innocence stage requires the jury to find the defendant guilty
beyond a reasonable doubt of each element of the offense, the punishment phase
requires the jury only [to] find that these prior acts are attributable to the defendant
beyond a reasonable doubt.
Smith, 577 S.W.3d at 551, (citing Haley v. State, 173 S.W.3d 510, 515 (Tex.Crim.App.
2005).
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Thus, whether the extraneous conduct meets the legal definition of a criminal offense is never a
relevant consideration in the punishment phase of trial. Id.
Admissibility Under Rule 405
A person’s character or character trait may be proved by testimony about the person’s
reputation or by testimony in the form of an opinion. TEX.R.EVID. 405(a)(1). On cross-examination
of the character witness, inquiry may be made into relevant specific instances of the person’s
conduct when the character witness has testified to the person’s good character. TEX.R.EVID.
405(a)(1); see Wilson v. State, 71 S.W.3d 346, 350 (Tex.Crim.App. 2002). When a defendant in a
criminal case has called a character witness to testify on her behalf, she has opened the door “for
the State to rebut evidence of h[er] good character with its own evidence of the accused’s bad
character[,]” including relevant specific instances of conduct. See Wheeler v. State, 67 S.W.3d
879, 886 n.16 (Tex.Crim.App. 2002)(citing Rule 404(a)(1)(A));TEX.R.EVID. 404, 405.
The State’s cross-examination of the character witness is limited to: (1) the specific
instances “inquired about must be relevant to the character traits at issue[,]” (2) “the alleged bad
act must have a basis in fact[,]” and (3) the foundation for the question “should be laid outside the
jury’s presence” so the judge may rule on propriety. Wilson, 71 S.W.3d at 351. Although there is
no distinction between opinion and reputation testimony on cross-examination, the traditional
method is impeaching opinion witnesses with “did you know” questions, and reputation witnesses
with “have you heard” questions. Id. at n.4, (citing 1 Steven Goode Et Al., Guide To The Texas
Rules Of Evidence: Civil And Criminal § 405.2.4 (2d ed. 1993)). Furthermore, when inquiring
into specific conduct for impeachment purposes, the State is permitted to ask about specific
instances of conduct, but may not probe into whether the specific conduct actually occurred. Id.
Analysis
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Relying on Harrell v. State, 884 S.W.2d 154 (Tex.Crim.App. 1994) and Mitchell, 931
S.W.2d at 950, Appellant contends evidence of an extraneous offense, without it being proven
beyond a reasonable doubt, is inadmissible for purposes of assessing punishment. Appellant asserts
because the State failed to prove the arrest beyond a reasonable doubt, the trial court erred by
overruling Appellant’s objection, and defense counsel’s subsequent failure to request a reasonable
doubt jury instruction amounted to ineffective counsel, requiring reversal. We disagree.
Article 37.07 applies when extraneous offenses are offered for purposes of assessing
punishment, and any evidence relevant to sentencing may be offered, including the defendant’s
general reputation, his or her character, and opinions regarding his or her character. See Article
37.07, § 3(a)(1)(“[E]vidence may be offered by the state and the defendant as to any matter the
court deems relevant to sentencing[.]”); Johnson v. State, 357 S.W.3d 653, 659 (Tex.Crim.App.
2012)(A court performs “its duty under Article 37.07” when it accepts “evidence offered ‘as to
any matter the court deems relevant to sentencing.’”). In the instant case, the prior arrest was
introduced by the State during the cross-examination of Ms. Willis, who testified Appellant had
not been in trouble since the robbery occurred.
The record states in relevant part:
Ms. Willis: [Appellant] has taken responsibility. She’s not been in
trouble since. She is trying to start a business.
. . .
The State: Now, you say she hasn’t been in trouble since. Have you
heard she was arrested for possession of methamphetamine?
. . .
The State: Have you heard that, ma’am?
Ms. Willis: Have I heard that she --
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The State: Been arrested since this on --
Ms. Willis: Yes, I’ve heard that. [Emphasis added].
By testifying Appellant had not been in trouble since, Ms. Willis invited the inquiry, i.e.,
she “opened the door” to the inquiry, permitting the State to impeach her in the form of a “have
you heard” question. As the State explained to the trial judge during the bench conference, the
purpose of its question was to affect the credibility of Ms. Willis, not to prove the arrest. The bench
record conference reads in relevant part:
The Court: All right. I don’t think you can open your own door, though.
The State: Well, [Ms. Willis] did. She said that [Appellant] hasn’t been in any
trouble since. All I can ask -- I can’t go into it if she says, No, I haven’t heard it .
. . .
The Court: Okay.
The State: And I’m not asking -- It's not opening a door or anything.
. . .
The Court: Okay, all right.
The State: I’m not going any further.
The Court: Limit it.
The State: That’s the only question.
. . .
Defense: Can I get a ruling, Judge?
The Court: The objection is overruled.
The State did not invite Ms. Willis’s response; the State merely asked whether Appellant
had taken responsibility since the robbery occurred. Ms. Willis could have limited her response to,
“[Appellant] has taken responsibility[,]” and would have adequately answered the question.
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However, Ms. Willis went further by adding “[s]he’s not been in trouble since.” This response was
not elicited by the State, it was volunteered by Ms. Willis and it opened the door to impeachment
because it was relevant to the character trait at issue. See Parnell v. State, No. 13-16-00038-CR,
2017 WL 3769726, at *4 (Tex.App.—Corpus Christi 2017, pet. ref’d)(mem. op., not designated
for publication)(finding “[b]ecause a defense witness volunteered her opinion as to appellant’s
good character, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in permitting the State to cross-examine
the witness with specific instances of appellant’s misconduct.”).
The trial court properly overruled Appellant’s objection and was not required to instruct
the jury on the reasonable doubt standard. The Huizar opinion observed, “[w]hile [Article 37.07]
section 3(a) says nothing about the submission of a jury instruction to this effect, such instruction
is logically required if the jury is to consider the extraneous-offense and bad-act evidence under
the statutorily prescribed reasonable-doubt standard.” Huizar v. State, 12 S.W.3d 479, 484
(Tex.Crim.App. 2000) [Emphasis added]. In other words, the jury must be instructed on the
reasonable doubt standard only if it is to properly consider said extraneous offense evidence when
assessing punishment. See id.
The State offered evidence of Appellant’s arrest only in response to Ms. Willis’s response
for the sole purpose of impeaching the character witness. Article 37.07 does not control crossexamination of character witnesses with respect to specific instances of a person’s conduct if it is
relevant to the character presented by that witness and based on facts; rather, Rule 405 governs.
The purpose of Rule 405 in cross-examination is “to test the character witness, not to introduce
extraneous acts.” Burke v. State, 371 S.W.3d 252, 261 n.4 (Tex.App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2011,
pet. dism’d, untimely filed). This is the exact fact scenario here; the arrest was not introduced to
assist the jury in assessing punishment, it was introduced for impeachment purposes pursuant to
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Rule 405. In Graves, the court held the Article 37.07 jury instruction required by Huizar was
“limited to extraneous offense or bad act evidence actually admitted at the penalty stage of the
trial, but then extended Huizar to hold that the required jury instruction was necessary for
extraneous offense evidence from the guilt stage only if that evidence was in turn used at the
penalty stage.” Wright v. State, 212 S.W.3d 768, 779 (Tex.App.—Austin 2006, pet. ref’d)(citing
Graves v. State, 176 S.W.3d 422, 432 (Tex.App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2004, pet. struck) [Emphasis
added].
As argued during the sentencing hearing and in its brief, the State proffered the evidence
of the arrest as a means to impeach Ms. Willis’s credibility. The State properly limited its inquiry
to a “have you heard” question. Appellant’s arrest for possession of methamphetamine was not
mentioned again during the hearing, and the State did not mention the arrest during its closing
arguments, nor did the court’s charge permit the jury to find Appellant guilty of the charge. The
State further emphasizes this was proper use of character evidence because Appellant was
requesting the jury grant her community supervision, which put her ability to comply with its
requirements, a character trait, at issue. We agree.
The trial court’s overruling of Appellant’s objection was proper, and we find no abuse of
discretion. The trial court was not required to instruct the jury to only consider the arrest if proven
beyond a reasonable doubt. Issue One is overruled.
Because the trial court’s overruling of Appellant’s objection was proper, we need not reach
the issue of ineffective counsel. Appellant was not entitled to a jury instruction and thus, defense
counsel could not have been ineffective in failing to request one. When making an objection is
futile, the trial counsel’s failure to do so does not constitute ineffectiveness. Burke, 371 S.W.3d at
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257, (citing Ex parte White, 160 S.W.3d 46, 53 (Tex.Crim.App. 2004)). Issue Two is overruled as
moot.
Outcome: For these reasons, we affirm.
Plaintiff's Experts:
Defendant's Experts:
Comments: