Please E-mail suggested additions, comments and/or corrections to Kent@MoreLaw.Com.
Help support the publication of case reports on MoreLaw
Date: 05-19-2020
Case Style:
State of Ohio, ex rel. :
Michael DeWine1, Attorney General of Ohio v. E.I. Du Pont de Nemours and Co., :
et al.
Case Number: 19CA15
Judge: Michael D. Hess
Court: IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO
FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
WASHINGTON COUNTY
Plaintiff's Attorney: No lited
Defendant's Attorney:
Need help finding a lawyer for representation for denying a motion to intervene in Ohio?
Call 918-582-6422. It's Free
Description:
MoreLaw ReceptionistsVOIP Phone and Virtual Receptionist Services
Call 918-582-6422 Today
On February 8, 2018, the State filed a complaint against DuPont asserting
it had contaminated Ohio’s natural resources with perfluorooctanoic acid (“PFOA”) – a
toxic substance. The State contends that PFOA has been found in the Ohio River as
well as in Ohio groundwater, surface water, soils, and biota. The State asserts that
DuPont knew of the danger of the PFOA contamination via aerial emissions and
discharges into the Ohio River from its Washington Works Plant located near
Parkersburg, West Virginia, but continued to release PFOA at the plant and to dispose
of PFOA-containing waste at several Ohio landfills. The State seeks to “recover all past
and future costs to investigate, remediate, and restore lands and waters of the State
contaminated by PFOA * * *” and “[i]n its own right and in its capacity as trustee for the
public, * * * to abate the public nuisance created by DuPont’s PFOA, and seeks
damages for injuries to Ohio resulting from the contamination.” Complaint at ¶ 8.
{¶3} The complaint includes counts of: (1) negligence; (2) public nuisance; (3)
statutory nuisance; (4) trespass; and (5) punitive damages. In its prayer for relief, the
State seeks: (1) an award of compensatory damages; (2) damages for injury to Ohio
natural resources, including the economic impact to the State and its residents; (3) any
other damages, including punitive or exemplary damages, as permitted by law; (4)
present and future costs to clean up PFOA contamination and to abate the nuisance
created by the presence of PFOA in Ohio’s natural resources and public trust property;
(5) a declaration of DuPont’s duty to indemnify Ohio for all expenditures of money the
Washington App. No. 19CA15 3
State is legally obligated to undertake in connection with PFOA contamination in Ohio;
(6) restitution damages for the profits DuPont obtained; (7) pre and post-judgment
interest; (8) costs and attorneys’ fees; and (9) such other relief as the court may deem
just and proper.
{¶4} On October 12, 2018, Little Hocking filed a motion to intervene as a
plaintiff to assert declaratory and injunctive claims. Specifically, Little Hocking sought to
ensure that no relief granted in the action would adversely affect DuPont’s obligations
under the Ohio EPA permit and under a confidential settlement the parties had reached
to resolve a federal lawsuit Little Hocking had filed against DuPont for contaminating its
wellfields. Little Hocking also did not want any remedial actions taken that would affect
Little Hocking’s rights, property, or business without its input and/or authorization.
Finally, Little Hocking sought the costs of litigation including attorneys’ fees. Both the
State and DuPont opposed the motion to intervene.
{¶5} On June 4, 2019, the trial court issued its order denying Defendants’
motion to dismiss and Little Hocking’s motion to intervene. As related to the denial of
the motion to intervene, the court stated:
Little Hocking Water Ass’n moves the Court to intervene in
this case arguably to shed light on the issues and to be of
assistance to the State of Ohio. Neither party supports Little
Hocking’s entry into the fray. Secondly, Little Hocking and
Defendants have previously done battle. See Little Hocking
Water Ass’n v. DuPont, Case No. 2;09CV1081, 210 WL
3447632 [sic] (S.D. Ohio, Aug. 30, 2010[)]. In order to
satisfy the elements necessary for intervention as per Civil
Rule 24, Little Hocking must demonstrate that it has a legal
interest that is direct, substantial and protectable. The Court
does not believe it has done do [sic]. It’s [sic] Motion to
Intervene is denied.
Little Hocking filed its notice of appeal from this order.
Washington App. No. 19CA15 4
II. Relevant Law and Analysis
{¶6} It is well established that an order must be final before it can be reviewed
by an appellate court. See Section 3(B)(2), Article IV of the Ohio Constitution. See,
also, General Acc. Ins. Co. v. Insurance Co. of North American, 44 Ohio St.3d 17, 20,
540 N.E.2d 266 (1989). If an order is not final and appealable, then an appellate court
has no jurisdiction to review the matter and must dismiss the appeal. Lisath v. Cochran,
4th Dist. Lawrence No. 92CA25, 1993 WL 120627 (Apr. 15, 1993); In re Christian, 4th
Dist. Athens No. 1507, 1992 WL 174718 (July 22, 1992).
{¶7} “An order of a court is a final appealable order only if the requirements of
both R.C. 2505.02 and, if applicable, Civ.R. 54(B), are met.” State ex rel. Scruggs v.
Sadler, 97 Ohio St.3d 78, 2002-Ohio-5315, 776 N.E.2d 101, ¶ 5. Therefore, the
threshold requirement is that the order satisfies the criteria of R.C. 2505.02. Gehm v.
Timberline Post & Frame, 112 Ohio St.3d 514, 2007-Ohio-607, 861 N.E.2d 519, ¶ 36.
“There is no authority to support the general proposition that [the denial of a] motion to
intervene always constitutes a final, appealable order.” Id. Rather, the inquiry is
dependent on the facts at hand.
{¶8} R.C. 2505.02(B)(1) provides “an order is a final order that may be
reviewed, affirmed, modified, or reversed, * * * when it is * * * an order that affects a
substantial right in an action that in effect determines the action and prevents a
judgment.” R.C. 2505.02(A)(1) defines a substantial right as “a right that the United
States Constitution, the Ohio Constitution, a statute, the common law, or a rule of
procedure entitles a person to enforce or protect.” The parties agree that a motion to
intervene is a right recognized by Civ.R. 24 and, therefore, is a substantial right as
Washington App. No. 19CA15 5
defined by R.C. 2505.02(A)(1). Gehm at ¶ 29. Accordingly, we must determine
whether the trial court’s order denying intervention “in effect determines the action and
prevents a judgment.”
{¶9} Little Hocking asserts that it satisfies this standard because “this action is
the only opportunity for Little Hocking to assert its claims that arise from those made by
the State.” It contends that the cleanup of the PFOA contamination sought by the State
will include Little Hocking’s wellfields and the aquifer it uses for its groundwater;
therefore, Little Hocking’s declaratory judgment and injunctive relief claims are directly
tied to the relief the State seeks and its claims cannot be made in the Southern District
of Ohio. Little Hocking posits that “[i]ntervention in this proceeding is the sole means for
Little Hocking to protect its property rights and business interests from the impacts of
the remediation sought by the State.”
{¶10} The State contends that the order denying intervention does not in effect
determine the action or prevent a judgment as to Little Hocking because Little Hocking
has not demonstrated that its proposed claims “arise from” the State’s claims. Rather,
Little Hocking is attempting to assert claims for relief based on contingencies that may
not occur, i.e. the State may be unsuccessful on its claims and the issue of remediation
may not reach fruition. The State also contends that the denial of the intervention
motion “does not preclude [Little Hocking] from litigating any actual impact on its
property rights that may arise in the future.” The State further argues that Little
Hocking’s interests can be protected just as the rest of the public affected by these
proceedings is protected – through public input and comments.
Washington App. No. 19CA15 6
{¶11} In Gehm, the Supreme Court found that the denial of a motion to intervene
did not “in effect determine[] the action and prevent[] a judgment” when the intervenor
could litigate its claims in another case. Gehm at ¶ 31. After reviewing the filings and
the arguments of both parties, we find that Little Hocking can protect and litigate its
claims in another case and, therefore, it is not a final appealable order under
2505.02(B)(1).
{¶12} Although Gehm involved future litigation available to the intervenor, we
find that Little Hocking’s past litigation against DuPont likewise provided it with a
sufficient avenue to protect its interests and litigate its claims such that the denial of
intervention did not determine the action or prevent a judgment in its favor. Moreover,
although Little Hocking states that it seeks intervention – at least in part – to protect the
terms of the confidential settlement agreement, we agree with the State’s contention
that Little Hocking can protect those terms through an enforcement action in federal
court. Moreover, Little Hocking has not identified any specific “claims” it has that arise
out of the State’s claims; rather, it appears that Little Hocking has already filed and
resolved its claims against DuPont but is now seeking a second opportunity.
{¶13} We note that Little Hocking has cited two cases in support of its contention
that the denial of its intervention is a final appealable order – Gautam v. Sansai
Environmental Teachnologies, LLC, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 95459, 2011-Ohio-223 and
Richards v. Hilligas, 7th Dist. Harrison No. 14 HA 0002, 2017-Ohio-4277. However, we
find both to be distinguishable from the facts at issue here.
{¶14} In Gautam, an appointed receiver for leased property brought a forcible
entry and detainer action against a tenant. Worm Digest, Inc. sought to intervene
Washington App. No. 19CA15 7
asserting that it also used space on the premises and owned “certain property,” i.e.
“earthworms and vermiculture,” located thereon that could be affected by the action.
Although the Gautam court references R.C. 2505.02(B)(1), it appears to be determining
whether the order in that case was a final appealable order under R.C. 2505.02(B)(2),
“an order that affects a substantial right made in a special proceeding * * *.” Little
Hocking does not argue that R.C. 2505.02(B)(2) applies here.
{¶15} Moreover, in concluding the order was final and appealable, the 8th District
found that the denial of the motion “had the effect of determining the action as to
appellant, because it prevented appellant, which claimed to be another leaseholder,
from asserting a possessory interest in the property.” Id. at ¶ 9. As we have already
noted, Little Hocking has not been prevented from asserting its rights to clean up of its
property and/or restitution for the damages caused by DuPont. It previously brought a
federal lawsuit and reached a confidential settlement to address its property rights.
{¶16} In Richards, the proposed intervenor argued it should have been permitted
to intervene in an action regarding ownership of minerals because it holds an interest in
the minerals and no other party could adequately protect its interest. In concluding the
denial of the motion to intervene was a final appealable order, the 7th District Court of
Appeals also appears to rely on R.C. 2505.02(B)(2) rather than (B)(1). The 7th District
concluded that the denial of intervention had a considerable effect on the proposed
intervenor’s asserted property rights. Richards at ¶¶ 7-8. The court also noted that the
proposed intervenor had attempted to file a subsequent action to protect its rights and
appellees had argued res judicata as a defense to that action. Because res judicata
precluded the proposed intervenor from proceeding in a subsequent action, it would be
Washington App. No. 19CA15 8
left without any means of protecting its alleged property interests if not permitted to
intervene. Id. at ¶ 8.
{¶17} We note that the 7th District did not analyze whether the denial of
intervention “in effect determine[d] the action and prevent[ed] a judgment” but rather
whether the denial “affected a substantial right.” Accordingly, we are not employing the
same analysis as in Richards. Moreover, Little Hocking participated in a previous action
that allowed it to address its property interests and can continue to enforce the
confidential settlement agreement. Therefore, it is not in the same position as the
proposed intervenor in Richards who would be afforded no relief if not permitted to
intervene.
I
Outcome: Because the trial court’s order does not meet the requirements of R.C.
2505.02(B)(1), we need not address the applicability of Civ.R. 54(B). We find that the challenged order is not a final appealable order and DISMISS this appeal.
Plaintiff's Experts:
Defendant's Experts:
Comments: