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Date: 04-22-2022
Case Style:
STATE OF OHIO vs. TROY EVENSON
Case Number: C-210372 & C-210373
Judge: Ginger S. Bock
Court:
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO
HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO
On appeal from The Hamilton County Court of Common Pleas
Plaintiff's Attorney: Joseph T. Deters, Hamilton County Prosecuting Attorney, and Sean M. Donovan
Assistant Prosecuting Attorne
Defendant's Attorney:
Description:
Cincinnati, Ohio - Criminal Defense lawyer represented defendant with appealing a denial of a motion to suppress the evidence.
{¶2} In August 2018, a representative from Evans Landscaping (“Evans”),
contacted Cincinnati police and reported a stolen large piece of equipment (“skid
steer”), which had a tracking device on it.
{¶3} About one week later, Evans informed Cincinnati Police Detective Mike
Winstead that it had received a signal from the tracking device, which reflected that
the skid steer was at 9333 Brehm Road in Colerain Township (“the property”).
Winstead verified that the tracking device had “pinged” from the property. Winstead
went to the property to conduct a “knock and talk” to find out why the tracking device
on a stolen skid steer was pinging from there.
{¶4} The property included a ranch-style home and three storage buildings.
There were two connected driveways; one led to the residence and the other was a
longer driveway that led to the storage buildings. There were no fences to designate
the boundaries of the property.
{¶5} When no one answered the door at the residence, Winstead walked
along the longer driveway to each storage building looking for someone working on
the property. At the third storage building, he saw “fresh track marks that would be
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
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made by a track-type vehicle similar to what had been described as stolen” leading to
the inside of the building.
{¶6} Winstead provided Cincinnati Police Detective Charles Zopfi with the
information that he had learned during the “knock and talk.” Zopfi obtained a warrant
to search the storage buildings for “stolen property, to wit: a Caterpillar, Model 279C,
Compact [skid steer], Serial #MBT02804 and any other equipment associated with
Evans.” (Although police obtained four separate warrants, Evenson does not assert on
appeal that the second, third, or fourth were improper.)
{¶7} The affidavit on the search warrant contained the information that
officers had received from Evans about its stolen equipment and the tracking device.
It described the property, including the appearance of each building, and stated:
* * * one of these storage building[s] appeared to have fresh marks in
the driveway leading to the storage building * * * indicative of a track
equipped type vehicle * * * affiant believes that the stolen [skid steer] *
* * is being stored in one of the three storage buildings * * *.
{¶8} Once the warrant was granted, officers found a skid steer and a skid
loader in a storage building, along with multiple other stolen items in plain view.
{¶9} In September 2018, the state indicted Evenson for possession of cocaine
in violation of R.C. 2925.11(A). In November 2018, the state indicted Evenson on six
counts of receiving stolen property in violation of R.C. 2913.51(A).
The Trial Court Denied Evenson’s Motion to Suppress
{¶10} Evenson sought to suppress all evidence seized from his property.
Following a hearing, the trial court denied Evenson’s motion to suppress evidence. The
court accepted Zopfi’s testimony that Winstead had gone to each of the buildings
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
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because he was looking for someone who might be working on the property. After
“having no luck” at the first building, Winstead moved on to the other buildings, where
he observed the fresh tracks.
{¶11} The court noted that Zopfi had also testified that all three storage units
were included in the initial search warrant, found the testimony of the officers to be
credible, and concluded that the initial search warrant contained sufficient probable
cause under the Fourth Amendment.
{¶12} Evenson appeals his convictions, limiting his arguments to the
propriety of the initial “knock and talk” on his property and to the first search warrant.1
II. Law and Analysis
{¶13} Evenson’s sole assignment of error asserts that the trial court erred by
denying his motion to suppress. Appellate review of a motion to suppress presents a
mixed question of law and fact. State v. Landrum, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-180030,
2018-Ohio-4582, ¶ 14. We defer to the trial court’s factual findings if they are
supported by competent and credible evidence, but we review de novo the court’s
application of the law to those facts. Id.
A. Discovery of the Tracks
{¶14} Evenson first argues that the search of his property before the initial
warrant was unlawful.
{¶15} The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution protects
“[t]he right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects,
against unreasonable searches and seizures.” Article I, Section 14 of the Ohio
1 Although Evenson lists on this brief only the appellate case numbered C-210372, his arguments
cover appellate case number C-210373 as well. Therefore, we consider both cases together.
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
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Constitution contains virtually identical language. See Ohio v. Jordan, Slip Opinion
No. 2021-Ohio-3922, ¶ 14.
{¶16} In United States v. Hatfield, 333 F.3d 1189 (10th Cir. 2003), the Tenth
Circuit Court of Appeals found that police officers’ observations of a back yard from
outside of the curtilage—from a paved parking pad next to a house—did not constitute
a search under the Fourth Amendment because the driveway was open to the public.
{¶17} At common law, the curtilage is the area encompassing the intimate
activity associated with the sanctity of a person’s home and the privacies of life, and
therefore has been considered part of the home itself for Fourth Amendment
purposes. Oliver v. United States, 466 U.S. 170, 180, 80 L.Ed.2d 214, 104 S.Ct. 1735
(1984). Although privacy in the interior of a home and its curtilage are at the core of
what the Fourth Amendment protects, there is no reasonable expectation that a home
and its curtilage will be free from ordinary visual surveillance. Hatfield at 1196. “The
Fourth Amendment protection of the home has never been extended to require law
enforcement officers to shield their eyes when passing by a home on public
thoroughfares.” California v. Ciraolo, 476 U.S. 207, 213, 106 S.Ct. 1809, 90 L.Ed.2d
210 (1986).
{¶18} Zopfi testified that Winstead tried the residence and, finding no one
there, walked along the longer driveway that connected the storage buildings. He
stopped at each storage building in search of someone working on the property. There
were no fences or signs prohibiting the public from entering the property.
{¶19} Based on Hatfield, the discovery of the tracks was not made during a
search. We find that the longer driveway was not a part of the curtilage. See State v.
Mitchem, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-130351, 2014-Ohio-2366, ¶ 16; State v. Peterson,
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
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173 Ohio App.3d 575, 2007-Ohio-5667, 879 N.E.2d 806, ¶ 12-19. It is separate from
the driveway leading to the residence. The longer driveway led to three buildings that
appeared to be storage units with a plethora of equipment sitting outside. These
factors indicate a decreased expectation of privacy. Therefore, Winstead’s observation
of the tracks on the property was not unlawful.
Open Fields
{¶20} In Oliver v. United States, 466 U.S. 170, 104 S.Ct. 1735, 80 L.Ed.2d 214
(1984), the United States Supreme Court held that police did not violate the
defendant’s Fourth Amendment rights when they trespassed onto the defendant’s
farm field that was several hundred feet from the defendant’s farmhouse. It noted that
a person may not legitimately demand privacy for activities conducted outside, except
in the area immediately surrounding the home. Id. at 178. It held that open fields do
not provide the setting for those intimate activities that the Fourth Amendment is
intended to shelter from government surveillance. Id. at 179.
{¶21} The Supreme Court announced the “open fields” doctrine and
determined that the area being searched did not have to be “open” and did not have to
be a “field” as those terms are used in common speech. Id. at 225, fn. 11.
{¶22} In United States v. Dunn, 480 U.S. 294, 301, 107 S.Ct. 1134, 94 L.Ed.2d
326 (1987), the United States Supreme Court upheld a search by two trespassing
officers where they stood on the defendant’s property outside of a barn, looked in
through an open space in the main doorway of the barn, and discovered drug
paraphernalia. Id. at 304. The Supreme Court first concluded that the barn was not
situated within the curtilage of the residence, which was located more than fifty yards
from the barn and surrounded by its own fence. Id. at 301-303. Thus, the officers were
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
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standing upon the defendant’s open field and a warrant was not required to justify
their presence. Id. at 304.
{¶23} The Dunn Court emphasized that “the officers never entered the barn,
nor did they enter any other structure on respondent’s premises.” Id. Rather, from
“their vantage point, they merely stood, outside the curtilage of the house and in the
open fields upon which the barn was constructed, and peered into the barn’s open
front.” Id. at 1197. Consequently, “standing as they were in the open fields, the
Constitution did not forbid them to observe the [drug] laboratory located in
respondent’s barn.” Id.
{¶24} Here, it took officers about one to two minutes to walk from the
residence to building three. Building one is approximately 40.7 yards from the
residence. Building two is approximately 45.3 yards from the residence. Building three
is approximately 105.3 yards from the residence.
{¶25} The record does not reflect that any “no trespassing” signs were posted.
The 50-acre property, in general, was not enclosed by a fence. Neither the driveway
nor the storage buildings were enclosed in a manner that shielded them from public
view. See Mitchem, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-130351, 2014-Ohio-2366 at ¶ 16. And the
officers did not enter any buildings before obtaining a warrant.
{¶26} Therefore, we find that there was no reasonable expectation of privacy.
See State v. Bernath, 3 Ohio App.3d 229, 444 N.E.2d 439 (6th Dist.1981) (a person
who surrounds his backyard with a fence, and limits entry with a gate, locked or
unlocked, has shown a reasonable expectation of privacy for the area, and it is
protected from unreasonable search and seizure by the Fourth Amendment).
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{¶27} Further, Hester v. United States, 265 U.S. 57, 44 S.Ct. 445, 68 L.Ed. 898
(1924), determined that evidence obtained through unauthorized entry upon open
land is admissible. Consequently, it was not illegal for Winstead to walk along the
driveway looking for someone who was working. His observation of the tracks on the
ground leading into building three was not in violation of the Fourth Amendment.
B. Probable Cause Existed to Support the Search Warrant
{¶28} Crim.R. 41(C) provides:
A warrant shall issue under this rule only on an affidavit or affidavits
sworn to before a judge of a court of record and establishing the grounds
for issuing the warrant. The finding of probable cause may be based
upon hearsay in whole or in part, provided there is a substantial basis
for believing the source of the hearsay to be credible and for believing
that there is a factual basis for the information furnished.
{¶29} The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution proscribes
unreasonable searches and seizures, declaring that “no Warrants shall issue, but upon
probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the
place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.” State v. Harrison, Slip
Opinion No. 2021-Ohio-4465, ¶ 12.
{¶30} Only the probability, not a prima facie showing, of criminal activity
establishes probable cause. State v. Smith, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-790423, 1980
Ohio App. LEXIS 10608, *5 (June 11, 1980). Affidavits of probable cause are tested by
much less rigorous standards than those governing the admissibility of evidence at
trial. Id. In judging probable cause, issuing magistrates are not confined by narrowminded limitations or by restrictions on the use of their common sense, and their
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
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determinations of probable cause should be granted great deference by reviewing
courts. Id.
{¶31} In reviewing an affidavit submitted in support of a search warrant, an
issuing magistrate must determine whether, under the totality of the circumstances
set forth in the affidavit, there is a fair probability that contraband or evidence of a
crime will be found in a particular place. State v. Griffin, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C140591, 2015-Ohio-3566, ¶ 18-19.
{¶32} In State v. Sheets, 112 Ohio App.3d 1, 677 N.E.2d 818 (4th Dist.1996)
the affiant on a search warrant observed videotape of a farm where horses were not
being fed by a “reliable individual.” The court found that the duty of a reviewing court
is to ensure that the magistrate had a substantial basis for concluding that probable
cause existed. Id., quoting State v. George, 45 Ohio St.3d 325, 544 N.E.2d 640 (1989),
paragraph two of the syllabus. Doubtful or marginal cases are to be resolved in favor
of upholding the warrant. Id. The court found that the appellant was correct in his
observation that the affidavit relied largely on hearsay evidence to establish probable
cause, but the court concluded there was a substantial basis for believing the source of
the hearsay was credible and that probable cause existed. Id.
{¶33} Here, Evans’s reporting a tracking device pinging from its stolen
equipment at the Evenson property—which Detective Winstead verified—in
conjunction with the tracks that were discovered by Winstead during the “knock and
talk,” provided a substantial basis to believe that there was a fair probability that the
stolen equipment would be found on the property.
{¶34} Zopfi confirmed that the Evensons owned the property. The affidavit for
the first search warrant explained the events leading up to obtaining the warrant and
OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
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it described, in detail, the items for which the officers wished to search and the
locations that the officers intended to search.
{¶35} Both the initial “knock and talk” and the first search warrant were
lawful. Evenson’s sole assignment of error is overruled.
Outcome: We find that the detective’s observation of tracks leading into building
three did not constitute a search, and therefore, it was not in violation of the Fourth Amendment. We further find that there was sufficient probable cause to obtain the search warrant. The trial court’s denial of Evenson’s motion to suppress was based on credible, competent evidence. We therefore affirm the trial court’s judgment.
Plaintiff's Experts:
Defendant's Experts:
Comments: