Jeffrey Berghausen appeals the dismissal of his amended class action complaint against Microsoft Corporation. He raises four issues on appeal, which we consolidate and restate as:

1. Whether Berghausen, as an indirect purchaser, had standing to bring his antitrust claim against Microsoft;
2. Whether Berghausen's allegation of degradation of his computer's performance states a claim of

Five manufacturers of thermal facsimile paper- -a product now obsolete--are accused in this class action of conspiring to reduce output and raise price in this business from 1990 to 1992. The paper business has a long history of cartelization; criminal prosecutions and civil antitrust actions are depressingly common. In 1995 the Department of Justice brought a criminal prosecution agains

Lucas Automotive Engineering, Inc. ("Lucas Automotive") appeals the district court's grant of summary judgment to Coker Tire Company, Inc. ("Coker Tire"). We have jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291.

I.

The following statement of facts is taken in part from this court's decision in Lucas Auto. Eng'g, Inc. v. Bridgestone/ Firestone, Inc., 140 F.3d 1228 (9th Cir. 1998). Coker Tire a

In passing the Telecommunications Act of 1996, Congress altered the regulatory scheme for local telephone service. The Act requires that local service, which was previously operated as a monopoly overseen by the several states, be opened to competition according to standards established by federal law. Under the Act, the incumbent local telephone service carriers must negotiate or arbitrate

During the mid-1990s, the ARC underwent its "transformation" program, which included a series of reforms for streamlining its operations. This resulted in more centralized decisionmaking in Washington, DC. These changes caused dissatisfaction among many people in the Greater Ozarks region of southwest Missouri. In September 1995, a group formed the Community Blood Center of the Ozarks (CBCO), as

AK Media Group, Inc. ("AK") controls approximately 2200 of the 2400 billboards in the Greater Boston area. RSA Media, Inc. ("RSA"), a more recent entrant in the outdoor advertising market, sued AK, claiming that AK's policies violated §§ 1 and 2 of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act, 15 U.S.C. §§ 1-2, and constituted unfair trade practices prohibited by Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 93A.

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A. The Outdoor

Microsoft Corporation appeals from judg- ments of the District Court finding the company in violation of §§1 and 2 of the Sherman Act and ordering various remedies.

The action against Microsoft arose pursuant to a complaint filed by the United States and separate complaints filed by individual States.The District Court determined that Micro soft had maintained a monopoly in the market fo

Plaintiff, a radiologist in Elk City, brought an antitrust action under 79 O.S. 1991 § 25 for alleged violations of sections 1, 2, 3 and 4 of the Oklahoma Anti-Trust Act1 against Comanche County Health Authority, d/b/a Comanche County Memorial Hospital (CCMH), its administrator Randy Curry, its trustees, First Health West, a consortium of hospitals in a multi-county area, and its trustees. The def

On October 11, 2000, Plaintiff filed its Complaint and Motion for Preliminary Injunction, alleging violations of section 2 of the Sherman Act, 15 U.S.C. § 2, the Florida Antitrust Act, Fla. Stat. § 542.19, and the Florida Deceptive and Unfair Trade Practices Act, Fla. Stat. § 501.201 et seq. Specifically, Plaintiff claimed that Defendant possessed monopoly power over access to its golf tourna

Antitrust Claim - Professional soccer players claimed that Major League Soccer LLC illegally monopolized the professional soccer business in the United States and used its monopoly power to depress player salaries.

Defendant claimed that it has lost $250 million and that the players could play anywhere in the world.

Unfair Competition - Copyright Infringement - Plaintiff moves to reinstate the November 17, 1998 Preliminary Injunction Order based on Defendant's alleged unfair competition and expand the injunction to cover new acts of alleged unfair competition. Plaintiff alleges Defendant tried to squash the competitive threat posed by Plaintiff's new product in order to maintain its monopoly in desktop opera

Antitrust Action - Sherman Act - The Plaintiffs allege that Defendant has waged an unlawful campaign in defense of its monopoly position in the market for operating systems designed to run on personal computers. Plaintiffs contend that Defendant violated Sections 1 & 2 of the Sherman Act and attempted to monopolize the web browser market.

Negligence - Deceptive Trade Practices - Breach of Contract - Arkansas Prize Promotion Act - The plaintiff received a game stamp from a purchase at McDonald's for the "1998 McDonald's Monopoly Game" which stated: "$200,000 Dream Home Cash-Stamp 818-Need Stamps 818, 819, & 820 to Win-Instant Winner." McDonald's denied plaintiff's claim to the prize, stating that the stamp was a miss-cut and was no

Antitrust Claim - LePage's claimed that 3M attempted to use its monopoly power to drive LePage's out of market for transparent tape. LePage's, best know as a manufacturer of school glue, has, in recent years manufactured only transparent tape products. LePage's argued that 3M has enjoyed monopoly power in the market for invisible and transparent tape. 3M controlled approximately 90% of the mark

Monopoly - Sherman Antitrust Act; Robinson-Patman Act; Texas Law. Plaintiff alleged that defendant attempted to monopolize the national yearbook market by engaging in unfair competition by way of interfering with Plaintiffs contracts, by conspiring and knowingly participating in the breach of fiduciary duties owed to Plaintiff by Plaintiffs former employees, and engaging in unfair competition.

On July 15, 1994, the United States sued Microsoft, charging it with an unlawful monopoly and restraint of trade in the market for personal computer operating system software under Sections 1 and 2 of the Sherman Act. 15 U.S.C. sections 1,2. The complaint alleged, among other things, that Microsoft had engaged in multiple anticompetitive marketing practices directed at PC manufacturers who