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Date: 08-05-2020
Case Style:
Shawn Spencer v. State of Indiana
Case Number: 20A-MI-636
Judge: Paul D. Mathias
Court: COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Plaintiff's Attorney: Attorney General of Indiana
David A. Arthur
Senior Deputy Attorney General
Aaron T. Craft
Deputy Attorney General
Defendant's Attorney:
Call 918-582-6422 for free help finding a great criminal defense lawyer.
Description:
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COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
[3] The facts underlying this case appear to be mostly undisputed. In November
1995, Spencer, who was eighteen years old at the time, had sexual intercourse
with a fifteen-year-old girl. As a result of this incident, on July 10, 1996, the
State of Florida charged Spencer with committing a lewd act upon a child.
Specifically, the charging information alleged that Spencer:
did, in violation of Florida Statute 800.04(3), commit an act
defined as sexual battery on [redacted], a child under the age of
sixteen years, and in furtherance thereof [Spencer] did with his
penis penetrate or have union with the vagina of [redacted].
Ex. Vol., Joint Ex. 1, p. 10.1
[4] On May 7, 1997, the State of Florida charged Spencer in another cause with a
different count of committing a lewd act on another child. The charging
information in this cause2 alleged that Spencer:
1
Spencer notes that, according to the police report, the sexual activity between him and the fifteen-year-old
girl was consensual, but this does not appear to be a material element of the crime he was charged with in
Florida.
2 The State charged Spencer in this cause with three counts, but he ultimately pleaded guilty to only the
charge we set forth.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 20A-MI-636 | August 3, 2020 Page 3 of 17
did, in violation of Florida Statute 800.04(1), handle or fondle
[redacted] a child under the age of sixteen (16), in a lewd,
lascivious or indecent manner, and in furtherance thereof
[Spencer] did handle or fondle the vaginal area of [redacted].
Id. at 25. The police report in this case indicates that Spencer put his hands
inside the pants of a ten- or eleven-year-old girl3 and fondled her vagina.
[5] On June 2, 1997, Spencer pleaded guilty to the above two counts. The Florida
trial court sentenced him to four years of “youthful offender treatment”
followed by two years of probation on the first count and to ten years of
probation on the second count, to be served concurrently. Id. at 27. As a result
of his convictions, Spencer was required to register in Florida as a sex offender,
apparently for the rest of his life. See Tr. p. 8.
[6] In March 2016, Spencer moved to Indiana. As required by Indiana law,
Spencer registered as a sex offender in Indiana. At some point in late 2018, the
Vanderburgh County Sheriff’s office telephoned Spencer and informed him that
he was being designated as an SVP. The individual who informed Spencer of
his new designation told him that he could appeal this decision and that he
could obtain “paperwork” when he came in to register. The Sheriff’s office,
however, never notified Spencer in writing of the change of his designation.
3
Spencer states in his brief that the victim was eleven years old. But the State correctly notes that this was the
victim’s age in November 1996, when she reported the crime to the police. The victim stated that the
touching occurred two years prior to May 1996.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 20A-MI-636 | August 3, 2020 Page 4 of 17
[7] On December 5, 2018, Spencer filed a petition in the trial court to remove his
designation as an SVP. The trial court held a hearing on the petition on March
29, 2019, at the conclusion of which it took the matter under advisement and
instructed the parties to file briefs on the issue. After the parties submitted their
briefs, the trial court entered an order on March 9, 2020, denying Spencer’s
petition. This appeal ensued.
I. Spencer Did Not Fail to Exhaust Available Administrative Remedies
[8] We first address what the State claims is a dispositive issue: whether Spencer’s
claim is precluded because he failed to exhaust his administrative remedies. It is
well-settled that, if an administrative remedy is available, it must be pursued
before a claimant is allowed access to the courts. Grdinich v. Plan Comm’n for
Town of Hebron, 120 N.E.3d 269, 276 (Ind. Ct. App. 2019) (citing Town Council
of New Harmony v. Parker, 726 N.E.2d 1217, 1224 (Ind. 2000), modified on reh’g
737 N.E.2d 719). If an administrative remedy is readily available, filing a claim
in court is not a suitable alternative. Id. (citing Carter v. Nugent Sand Co., 925
N.E.2d 356, 360 (Ind. 2010)). The failure to exhaust administrative remedies is
a procedural error that does not affect a trial court’s subject matter jurisdiction.
Id. at 274–75 (citing First Am. Title Ins. Co. v. Robertson, 19 N.E.3d 757, 760 (Ind.
2014), modified on reh’g on other grounds, 27 N.E.3d 768 (Ind. 2015)). And there
are exceptions to the general requirement to exhaust administrative remedies,
e.g. “exhaustion is not required where it would be futile, where the agency
action is ultra vires, where exhaustion would cause irreparable injury, or where
other equitable considerations preclude exhaustion[.]” Graham v. Town of
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 20A-MI-636 | August 3, 2020 Page 5 of 17
Brownsburg, 124 N.E.3d 1241, 1247 (Ind. Ct. App. 2019), trans. denied (citations
omitted).
[9] In the present case, the State contends that Spencer failed to exhaust the
administrative remedies that were available to him, specifically referring to an
exhibit submitted by the State, obtained from the Department of Correction’s
(“DOC”) website, titled “Indiana Registration Appeal Procedure for NonIncarcerated Registrants” (the “DOC Appeal Procedure”). Ex. Vol., State’s Ex.
A, p. 37.
[10] The DOC Appeal Procedure sets forth the manner in which a “Local Law
Enforcement Authority”4 may implement a “Proposed Change” 5
to the
information regarding a “Local Subject”6
in the Indiana Sex and Violent
Offender Registry. It also sets forth the administrative procedure by which the
Local Subject can protest any Proposed Change and, if necessary, appeal this
decision to the DOC. The “general rule” of the DOC Appeal Procedure
provides:
2. Substance of the procedure.
4 A “Local Law Enforcement Authority” is defined as “[t]he chief of police of a consolidated city or (2) the
sheriff of a county that does not contain a consolidated city.” Id. at § 1(c).
5 A “Proposed Change” is defined as a proposal by the Local Law Enforcement Authority to “add public
information to the Registry or to update the public information in the Registry in order to reflect a change in
the residence, temporary location, employment, educational institution, appearance, conviction information,
registration status, or other circumstance of a Local Subject, as required by the Indiana Code.” Id. at § 1(e)
(emphasis added).
6 A “Local Subject” is defined as “[a] person whom a Local Law Enforcement Authority or the Department
[of Correction] determines is subject to registration on the Registry but who is not confined in the custody of
the Department.” Id. at § 1(d).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 20A-MI-636 | August 3, 2020 Page 6 of 17
a. The general rule.
i. A Local Law Enforcement Authority shall notify a
Local Subject in writing any time it
(a) proposes to enter a new Local Subject into the
Registry; or
(b) proposes to change, to add to, or to subtract from
public information previously entered into the
Registry; or
(c) refuses a Local Subject’s written request or notice
to change, to add to, or to subtract from public
information previously entered into the Registry.
* * *
iii. When the Local Subject believes that the entry,
change, or refusal will result in an error, the Local Subject
has a right to protest, first to the Local Law Enforcement
Authority and then, if necessary, by appeal to the
Department.
iv. The Local Subject must raise all issues at the time of
the Protest and any Appeal, and a failure to raise any
issue at the first opportunity will result in a waiver of that
issue.
v. This procedure allows for a single administrative
protest followed by a single appeal within a specific time
period, and does not permit a second or subsequent
administrative challenge, to a Local Subject’s inclusion in
the Registry or to changes in the Registry or refusals to
change the Registry, except that a new Protest and Appeal
will be permitted when the Local Subject’s circumstances
change, such as when a court order changes the Local
Subject’s criminal status.
Id. at § 2 (emphasis added).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 20A-MI-636 | August 3, 2020 Page 7 of 17
[11] The DOC Appeal Procedure then lays out the procedure to be followed by the
Local Law Enforcement Authority when it intends to make a Proposed Change
to the Registry:
3. []
* * *
b. When a Local Law Enforcement Authority plans to
implement a Proposed Change, it creates a Specimen[7]
showing the public information about the Local Subject that
the Registry will display, and advises the Local Subject of the
date upon which it intends to display the public information.
c. The Local Law Enforcement Authority gives a copy of
the Specimen and notification of the date upon which it
intends to display the public information to the Local
Subject, either by personally delivering a copy to the Local
Subject or by mailing a copy of the Specimen to the Local
Subject by first-class mail. . . .
Id. at § 3. The Local Law Enforcement Authority must notify the Local Subject
of a Proposed Change “at least 7 calendar days before the Proposed Posting
Date if notice is given to the Local Subject in person,” or “at least 10 calendar
days before the Proposed Posting Date if notice is sent to the Local Subject by
mail.” Id. at § 11.a.
[12] If a Local Subject disagrees with a Proposed Change, he or she may protest the
change with the Local Law Enforcement Authority. In such a protest:
7 A “Specimen” is defined as “[a] photocopy, screen shot, or other documentary representation of the public
information concerning the Local Subject that the Local Law Enforcement Authority intends to publish
through the Registry.” Id. at § 1(j).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 20A-MI-636 | August 3, 2020 Page 8 of 17
5. The Local Subject may raise any of the following claims in a
Protest:
a. The Local Law Enforcement Authority’s Proposed
Change would add the Local Subject to the Registry
incorrectly because either
i. The Local Subject should not be added, or
ii. The public information about the Local Subject is
incorrect or incomplete;
b. The Local Law Enforcement Authority’s Proposed
Change would make the listed public information about the
Local Subject incorrect or incomplete;
c. The Local Law Enforcement Authority’s Refusal makes
the listed public information about the Local Subject incorrect
or incomplete; or
d. A combination of two or more of the foregoing claims.
6. Subjects of the Protest.
The Protest is limited to the specific change, or refusal to
change, and therefore its subject matter is limited to:
a. Adding the Local Subject to the Registry;
b. The material to be newly added;
c. Any material to be newly removed;
d. Any material that should have been newly added or
removed but was not added or removed due to the Local Law
Enforcement Authority’s Refusal;
e. A combination of two or more of the foregoing matters.
Id. at §§ 5–6.
[13] Importantly, the DOC Appeal Procedure also provides:
4. The right of Protest.
The right of Protest arises only upon any of the following
events:
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 20A-MI-636 | August 3, 2020 Page 9 of 17
a. A Local Law Enforcement Authority notifies a Local
Subject of a Proposed Change;
b. A Local Law Enforcement Authority notifies a Local
Subject of a Refusal;
c. A combination of the above; or
d. The passage of 30 calendar days, without any ruling, from
the day a Local Subject requests or notifies the Local Law
Enforcement Authority to change, to add to, or to subtract
from public information previously entered into the registry.
Id. at § 4 (emphases added). If the Local Subject is unsatisfied with the response
to the Protest, or if thirty days have passed since the Local Subject submitted
the Protest, then the Local Subject may submit an Appeal to the DOC. The
DOC must then notify the Local Subject of its ruling on the Appeal “in writing
by first-class mail sent to the address specified in the Protest.” Id. at § 10.b.
[14] Lastly, DOC Appeal Procedure sets forth the notice requirements:
12. Notices to Local Subjects.
a. Notice of this procedure
i. The Department shall publish these rules in a
prominent place in that part of its web site that deals with
sex and violent offenders and as part of the Registry.
ii. As provided above in Section 2, every Local Law
Enforcement Authority shall provide written notice to
the Local Subject.
(a) At the time the Local Subject first registers with the
Local Law Enforcement Authority, and at such
additional times, if any, as the local Law Enforcement
Authority deems appropriate, the notice shall inform
the Local Subject of the existence and nature of this
procedure in the language provided in Subsection
12.a.iii below.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 20A-MI-636 | August 3, 2020 Page 10 of 17
(b) Whenever the Local Law Enforcement Authority
proposes to modify an existing entry in the Registry
or refuses a request filed under this procedure to
update an existing Registry entry, the notice shall
inform the Local Subject of the right to
reconsideration in the language provided in
Subsection 12.b below.
iii.The written notice required under Subsection
2.a.i.(a) and under Subsection 12.a.ii.(a) shall include
the following language:
* * *
Your right to reconsideration of this action. Be advised of
the following:
1. You have the right to protest against the action
described in this document, but you must act quickly or
you will lose that right.
2. If you do protest and your protest is denied, you have a
right to appeal that decision to the Indiana Department of
Correction, but you must act quickly or you will lose that
right.
3. There are specific rules that set out how, when, and to
whom you may protest and appeal. If you do not follow
those rules, you may lose the right to any review of the
action described in this document. Those rules have been
provided to you already, but you may read a complete
and current copy of the whole procedure on the part of
the web site of The Indiana Department of Correction
that deals with sex and violent offenders. You also may
read a complete and current copy at the Registry web site.
Id. at § 12.
[15] Considering the DOC Appeal Procedure as a whole, we agree with Spencer
that, before he could avail himself of the administrative remedies provided
therein, the Local Law Enforcement Authority—here, the Vanderburgh County
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 20A-MI-636 | August 3, 2020 Page 11 of 17
Sheriff—was required to notify him of any Proposed Change of his status in the
Registry and do so in writing or in person.
[16] The requirement of written notification is repeated throughout the DOC Appeal
Procedure: first, when the Local Law Enforcement Authority decides to
implement a Proposed Change. Indeed, the Local Law Enforcement Authority
is required to give the Local Subject a Specimen (“[a] photocopy, screen shot,
or other documentary representation of the public information concerning the
Local Subject that the Local Law Enforcement Authority intends to publish
through the Registry”) indicating the Proposed Change either in person or by
first class mail. See id. at §§ 3(c), 1(j). More importantly, Section 12 provides
that the Local Law Enforcement Authority shall provide written notice to the
Local subject whenever the Authority proposes to modify an existing entry in
the Registry. Id. at § 12.a(ii)(b) (emphasis added).
[17] Thus, when Section 4 of the DOC Appeal Procedure states that the right of
protest arises only when the Local Law Enforcement Authority notifies a Local
Subject of a Proposed Change, the remaining sections of the Procedure
establish that such notice must be in writing. Here, there is no evidence that the
Vanderburgh County Sheriff’s office ever gave Spencer a copy of the Specimen
or other written notice of its Proposed Change, i.e., that Spencer would be
designated as an SVP, with the more onerous registration requirements that
accompany such a designation. See note 9, supra. Under these facts and
circumstances, we cannot say that Spencer failed to exhaust his administrative
remedies, because such remedies were not available to him due to the failure of
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 20A-MI-636 | August 3, 2020 Page 12 of 17
the Sheriff’s office to provide Spencer with written notice of its Proposed
Change to the Registry.8
II. Spencer is Not a Sexually Violent Predator per Statute
[18] The main issue on appeal is whether Spencer’s two Florida convictions qualify
him as an SVP in Indiana.9 The statute defining the term “sexually violent
predator” provides in relevant part:
(b) A person who:
(1) being at least eighteen (18) years of age, commits an
offense described in:
* * *
8 The State argues that it was Spencer’s burden to show that he had exhausted his administrative remedies.
However, in Jackson v. Wrigley, 921 N.E.2d 508, 512 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010), we held that the failure to exhaust
administrative remedies is an affirmative defense that the defendant bears the burden of establishing. We held
the same in Alkhalidi v. Indiana Department of Correction, 42 N.E.3d 562, 566 (Ind. Ct. App. 2015). In the latter
case, we distinguished our supreme court’s holding in Young v. State, 888 N.E.2d 1255, 1257 (Ind. 2008),
where the court admonished a post-conviction petitioner seeking educational credit time that he must “show
in the first place what the relevant DOC administrative grievance procedures are, and then that he has
exhausted them at all levels.” Id. In Alkhalidi, we noted that the petitioner’s claim was one for replevin, not
post-conviction relief, and that the failure to exhaust administrative remedies was therefore properly
considered as an affirmative defense. 42 N.E.3d at 566. Here too, Spencer does not seek post-conviction
relief, and we therefore consider the failure to exhaust administrative remedies as an affirmative defense for
which the State failed to meet its burden of proof.
9
Spencer does not challenge his designation as a sex offender, just his designation as an SVP. As noted by
the State, Spencer must register as a sex offender for life because he committed at least one of his crimes
when he was eighteen years old and his victim was less than twelve years old. Ind. Code § 11-8-8-19(c).
Spencer also has to register for life because he committed two unrelated sex offenses, see id. § 19(e), and
because he was required to register for life in Florida. Id. § 19(f); see also Tr. p. 8 (Spencer testifying that he
was required to register for life in Florida). Still, if designated as an SVP, Spencer must follow more onerous
registration requirements, including: being contacted by local law enforcement every ninety days, Ind. Code §
11-8-8-13(a)(2), being personally visited by local law enforcement every ninety days, I.C. § 11-8-8-13(a)(4),
reporting to local law enforcement, registering in person, and being photographed every ninety days, Ind.
Code § 11-8-8-14(b), advising the police if he is away from home for more than seventy-two hours and
registering with local law enforcement each time he is in a location for more than seventy-two hours. Ind.
Code § 11-8-8-18. Moreover, the failure of an SVP to possess identification is a Level 6 felony instead of a
Class A misdemeanor, as it is for a sex offender. Ind. Code § 11-8-8-15(c).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 20A-MI-636 | August 3, 2020 Page 13 of 17
(C) IC 35-42-4-3 [child molesting] as a Class A or Class B
felony (for a crime committed before July 1, 2014) or a
Level 1, Level 2, Level 3, or Level 4 felony (for a crime
committed after June 30, 2014);
* * *
(K) a crime under the laws of another jurisdiction,
including a military court, that is substantially equivalent
to any of the offenses listed in clauses (A) through (J);
* * *
is a sexually violent predator. . . .
Ind. Code § 35-38-1-7.5.
10
[19] Spencer claims that he does not meet the definition of an SVP as set forth in this
section. He first claims that he is not an SVP because the crimes he committed
in Florida are not substantially equivalent to Class A or Class B felony child
molesting. The State does not claim otherwise, and we agree.
[20] Prior to the 2014 amendments to the Indiana Criminal Code, child molesting as
a Class A or Class B felony was defined as follows:
A person who, with a child under fourteen (14) years of age,
performs or submits to sexual intercourse or deviate sexual
conduct commits child molesting, a Class B felony. However, the
offense is a Class A felony if:
10 Effective July 1, 2020, Indiana Code section 35-38-1- 7.5(b)(1) was amended to remove subsection (K). See
P.L.142-2020 § 60. Under the statute as it exists today, Spencer, whose crimes were committed in the State of
Florida, would appear not be an SVP under subsection 7.5(b). Spencer claims that this amendment is not at
issue in the present case, and we therefore do not address it.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 20A-MI-636 | August 3, 2020 Page 14 of 17
(1) it is committed by a person at least twenty-one (21) years
of age;
(2) it is committed by using or threatening the use of deadly
force or while armed with a deadly weapon;
(3) it results in serious bodily injury; or
(4) the commission of the offense is facilitated by furnishing
the victim, without the victim’s knowledge, with a drug . . . or
a controlled substance . . . or knowing that the victim was
furnished with the drug or controlled substance without the
victim’s knowledge.
Ind. Code § 35-42-4-3(a). Here, the victim in Spencer’s Florida conviction
involving sexual intercourse was not under the age of fourteen. And the Florida
conviction involving the younger girl did not involve sexual intercourse or
deviate sexual conduct. Moreover, at the time of his Florida crimes, Spencer
was not yet twenty-one years old, he did not use or threaten the use of a deadly
weapon, his crimes did not result in serious bodily injury, nor is there any
indication that they were facilitated by him furnishing any drug or controlled
substance to the victims without their knowledge. In other words, Spencer’s
Florida crimes were not substantially equivalent to the crimes of Class A or
Class B felony child molesting as defined in Indiana. As noted, the State does
not contend otherwise.
[21] Instead, the State contends that Spencer’s Florida convictions are substantially
equivalent to Level 4 felony child molesting. Level 4 felony child molesting is
defined as follows:
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 20A-MI-636 | August 3, 2020 Page 15 of 17
A person who, with a child under fourteen (14) years of age,
performs or submits to any fondling or touching, of either the
child or the older person, with intent to arouse or to satisfy the
sexual desires of either the child or the older person, commits
child molesting, a Level 4 felony.
Ind. Code § 35-42-4-3(b).
[22] Spencer does not deny that his Florida conviction for fondling the young girl is
substantially equivalent to Level 4 felony child molesting. He argues, however,
that because his crime was committed before July 1, 2014, he does not meet the
definition of an SVP under this section. We agree.
[23] The plain language of Indiana Code section 35-38-1-7.5(b)(1)(C) clearly
provides that a person is an SVP if they commit the offense of child molesting
“as a . . . Level 1, Level 2, Level 3, or Level 4 felony (for a crime committed
after June 30, 2014).” And subsection 7.5(b)(1)(K) states that a person is an
SVP if they commit “a crime under the laws of another jurisdiction . . . that is
substantially equivalent to any of the offenses listed in clauses (A) through
(J)[.]” Accordingly, for Spencer to be an SVP as defined by this statute, he must
have committed a crime that is substantially equivalent to the offenses listed in
subsections (A) through (J), which include child molesting “as a . . . Level 1,
Level 2, Level 3, or Level 4 felony (for a crime committed after June 30,
2014)[.]” Because Spencer committed his crime before June 30, 2014, he cannot
be an SVP based on his commission of a crime that is substantially equivalent
to Level 4 felony child molesting. In short, Spencer is not an SVP as defined in
Indiana Code section 35-38-1-7.5(b).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 20A-MI-636 | August 3, 2020 Page 16 of 17
[24] The State insists that “there is no statute that says that the date of the crime in
the other State is the date to use.” Appellee’s Br. at 16. To the contrary,
subsection 7.5(b)(1)(C) clearly states that to meet the definition of an SVP for
having committed the crime of child molesting as a Level 4 felony, the crime
must be “committed after June 30, 2014.”
[25] Still, the State contends that Spencer’s status is properly elevated to SVP
because, when determining a person’s status as a sex offender, we consider the
“the laws in effect at the time the offender moved to Indiana.” Appellee’s Br. at
16 (citing Ammons v. State, 50 N.E.3d 143, 144 (Ind. 2016); Tyson v. State, 51
N.E.3d 88, 90 (Ind. 2016); State v. Zerbe, 50 N.E.3d 368, 369 (Ind. 2016)).11 As
we have explained above, the law in effect in 2016 when Spencer moved to
Indiana provided that, to be an SVP, he must have committed a crime
substantially equivalent to child molesting as a Level 4 felony “for crimes
committed after June 30, 2014.” He did not, and he is therefore not an SVP
under the statute that existed at the time he moved to Indiana.
11 The State also cites Cowan v. Carter, 130 N.E.3d 1165, 1169 (Ind. Ct. App. 2019), trans. denied, in support of
its position. At issue in that case was “whether the definition of a sex or violent offender found in Indiana
Code section 11-8-8-5(b)(1), which became effective on July 1, 2006, [could] be applied to [Cowan] for an act
that occurred [in Michigan] on April 1, 2006.” Id. at 1168. In Cowan, at the time of the Michigan offense,
Cowan would not have had to register in Indiana had he moved here, “but in 2006, the statute defining who
is required to register was amended . . . to include a person who is required to register in any other
jurisdiction.” Id. at 1169. Cowan claimed that this was an ex post facto violation. In rejecting this claim, we
held that “Cowan fell within the statutory definition of a sex or violent offender as it existed when he moved to
Indiana despite the fact his Michigan offense pre-dated the amendment. In other words, it is the status of the
offender when he or she comes to Indiana that matters for purposes of the definition, not the date of the
offense.” Id. (emphasis added). We do not read Cowan as contrary to our holding. In fact, our holding is
directly in line with Cowan, as it is the statutory definition of an SVP as it existed when Spencer moved to
Indiana that controls.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 20A-MI-636 | August 3, 2020 Page 17 of 17
Outcome: The State failed to establish its affirmative defense of Spencer’s failure to
exhaust his administrative remedies. And Spencer does not meet the statutory
definition of an SVP as it existed in 2016 when he moved to Indiana. We
therefore reverse the judgment of the trial court and remand with instructions
that the trial court grant Spencer’s petition to remove his designation as an SVP.
Plaintiff's Experts:
Defendant's Experts:
Comments: