Date: 10-19-2015

Case Style: Valencis v. Nyberg

Case Number: AC36320

Judge: Barry R. Schaller

Court: Connecticut Supreme Court

Plaintiff's Attorney: Christopher M. Licari

Defendant's Attorney: Jill Hartley

Description: The defendants David Nyberg and CSM North, LLC (CSM),1 appeal from the judgment of the trial court awarding a prejudgment remedy in favor oftheplaintiffs,StanleyValencis,ACSYS,Inc.(ACSYS), and MIG Ventures, LLC (MIG), in the amount of $1,517,389.40.2 On appeal, the defendants claim that (1) the court improperly granted the application for a prejudgment remedy without taking into account the defensesraisedbythedefendants,(2)therewasinsufficient evidence to grant the application for a prejudgment remedy, and (3) the court improperly failed to make a specific finding of damages for each count for which it found probable cause. We disagree with these claims, and, accordingly, affirm the judgment of the trial court. The following facts and procedural history are relevant to our resolution of this appeal, which stems from what the court described as a ‘‘construction contract gone awry.’’ In the plaintiffs’ unsigned complaint attachedtotheirapplicationforaprejudgmentremedy, they alleged, inter alia, the following causes of action: breach of express contract, breach of implied contract, andbreachofthecovenantofgoodfaithandfairdealing (contract claims); promissory estoppel, unjust enrichment, breach of fiduciary duty, fraud, negligent misrepresentation, conversion, statutory theft, and violation of General Statutes § 42-110a et seq., the Connecticut Unfair Trade Practices Act (CUTPA).3 All of the counts were directed at the defendants, with the exception of the breach of fiduciary duty, fraud and negligent misrepresentationcounts,whichappliedonlytoNyberg individually.The partiespresentedevidence, madeoral argument, and filed briefs. The court found probable cause on all but the breach of fiduciary duty count and granted a prejudgment remedy in the amount of $1,517,389.40. In granting the prejudgment remedy, the court found the following facts as stated in its memorandum of decision. In 2011, Nyberg negotiated the purchase of a property located at 1577 New Britain Avenue in Farmington (property) in the name of CSM.4 The plaintiffs acquiredthepropertyfromCSM.Valencis,thepresident of ACSYS, entered into an oral agreement with Nyberg, who described himself as a ‘‘ ‘handshake kind of businessperson,’ ’’regardingtherenovationoftheproperty, which would act as the new headquarters of ACSYS. Under the contract, Nyberg was to act as general contractor of the project to ‘‘gut and totally renovate the building,’’ with Gerald Ginsberg, an independent contractorhiredbyCSM,actingastheprojectmanager. Early on in the project, the budget was approximately $2 million, consisting of a $1.5 million purchase price and$647,000fortheanticipated designand‘‘buildout.’’
The project initially was projected to be completed in December, 2011, or January, 2012. The project was not completed until August, 2012, at a total cost of between $3.7 and $3.8 million. In 2011 and early 2012, the plaintiffs made a number of payments to CSM in advance on the basis of Nyberg’s representation that he could save 30 to 40 percent by paying for labor and materials up front. This included paymentstoCSMforconstructionworkbeforeanywas performedandformaterialsbeforetheyweredelivered. Amid questioning by the plaintiffs regarding when the work would be performed and when the materials they had paid for would be delivered, Ginsberg resigned as project manager and was replaced by Frank Cotrona, anotherindependentcontractor,inlateJanuaryorearly February, 2012. Cotrona began investigating the status ofpaymentsmadebytheplaintiffsandtheoverallprogress of the project. With his help, the plaintiffs eventually concluded that a number of subcontractors had not been paid and a variety of materials had not been purchased, despite the payments made by the plaintiffs tothedefendants.Theplaintiffsalsodiscoveredthatthe defendants never obtained a general building permit. Thecourtdeterminedthattheplaintiffshadmettheir burden of establishing probable cause with respect to, interalia,theircontractclaimsandtheclaimsforpromissoryestoppel,unjustenrichment,fraud,negligentmisrepresentation,conversion,statutorytheftandviolation of CUTPA. The court found treble damages of $1,205,115.12 pursuant to the statutory theft count; see General Statutes § 52-564; and $312,374.28 for the remaining damages, for a total of $1,517,389.40. The court declined to award punitive damages pursuant to the CUTPA claim because Nyberg invoked his fifth amendment privilege against self-incrimination.5 This appeal followed. Attheoutset,weidentifytherelevantlegalprinciples and our standard of review. ‘‘We begin with the law governing prejudgment remedies and our limited role on review. A prejudgment remedy means any remedy or combination of remedies that enables a person by way of attachment, foreign attachment, garnishment or replevin to deprive the defendant in a civil action of, or affect the use, possession or enjoyment by such defendant of, his property prior to final judgment . . . . General Statutes § 52-278a (d). A prejudgment remedy is available upon a finding by the court that there is probable cause that a judgment in the amount of the prejudgment remedy sought, or in an amount greater than the amount of the prejudgment remedy sought, taking into account any defenses, counterclaims or setoffs, will be rendered in the matter in favor of the plaintiff . . . . General Statutes § 52-278d (a) (1). . . . Proof of probable cause as a condition of obtaining a prejudgment remedy is not as demanding as proof by
a fair preponderance of the evidence. . . . The legal idea of probable cause is a bona fide belief in the existence of the facts essential under the law for the action and such as would warrant a man of ordinary caution, prudence and judgment, under the circumstances, in entertaining it. . . . Probable cause is a flexible common sense standard. It does not demand that a belief be correct or more likely true than false. . . . Under this standard, the trial court’s function is to determine whether there is probable cause to believe that a judgment will be rendered in favor of the plaintiff in a trial on the merits. . . . ‘‘As for our standard of review, [our Supreme Court has] stated: [An appellate court’s] role on review of the granting of a prejudgment remedy is very circumscribed. . . . In its determination of probable cause, the trial court is vested with broad discretion which is not to be overruled in the absence of clear error. . . . [W]e have consistently enunciated our standard of review in these matters. In the absence of clear error, this court should not overrule the thoughtful decision ofthetrialcourt,whichhashadanopportunitytoassess the legal issues which may be raised and to weigh the credibility of at least some of the witnesses. . . . [On appeal], therefore, we need only decide whether the trial court’s conclusions were reasonable under the clearerrorstandard.’’(Citationsomitted;internalquotation marks omitted.) TES Franchising, LLC v. Feldman, 286 Conn. 132, 136–38, 943 A.2d 406 (2008); see also Landmark Investment Group, LLC v. Calco Construction&DevelopmentCo.,141Conn.App.40,49–50, 60 A.3d 983 (2013). Under the clear error standard, we review the record with ‘‘a heightened standard of deference that exceeds the level of deference afforded under the abuse of discretion standard’’ and will overrule the granting of a prejudgment remedy ‘‘only if we are left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.’’ (Internal quotation marks omitted.) TES Franchising, LLC v. Feldman, supra, 138 n.6; Travelers Casualty & Surety Co. of America v. Caridi, 144 Conn. App. 793, 797, 73 A.3d 863 (2013). I The defendants claim that the court improperly granted the prejudgment remedy without taking into account their defenses and, furthermore, that the evidencewasinsufficientinlightofthosedefenses.Specifically, they argue that the court failed to give adequate consideration to the following defenses, or, if considered, that these defenses resulted in insufficient evidence to grant a prejudgment remedy: (1) the defense tothecontractclaimsthatNybergwasnotliablepersonally under the contract, (2) the defense to the plaintiffs’ claims for promissory estoppel, fraud, and negligent misrepresentation that any statements made by the
defendants were not the cause of payments made by the plaintiffs, (3) the defense to the plaintiffs’ claims for conversion and statutory theft that the plaintiffs never made a demand for return of funds and (4) the defense to the plaintiffs’ claim for statutory theft that the defendants did not intend to deprive the plaintiffs of funds. A The claim that the trial court failed to consider the defendants’ defenses is premised on the requirement in the prejudgment remedy statute, § 52-278d (a), that in determining probable cause for a prejudgment remedy the court should take ‘‘into account any defenses, counterclaims or set-offs . . . .’’6 The defendants place great weight on the analysis of § 52-278d (a) in TES Franchising, LLC v. Feldman, supra, 286 Conn. 141–42, claiming that that case requires a trial court to address specifically any defenses raised by the defendant.7 We agree that TES Franchising, LLC, is highly relevant to the present case, but reject the defendants’ interpretation. In TES Franchising,LLC,thedefendantclaimedthat,ingranting a prejudgment remedy, the trial court had failed to considerhisdefensessufficiently.Id.,134.OurSupreme Court clearly stated that this claim did not alter the standard of review: ‘‘The defendant thereby urges this court to decide the merits of these claims as a matter of law using plenary review in light of the trial court’s allegedly inadequate consideration. The defendant misconstrues our proper role in reviewing a trial court’s granting of a prejudgment remedy, however, because we do not conduct a plenary review of the merits of defenses and counterclaims raised, but rather our review is confined to a determination of whether the trial court’s finding of probable cause constitutes clear error.’’ Id., 140 n.8. The court further noted that ‘‘[a]n appellatecourtisentitledtopresumethatthetrialcourt acted properly and considered all the evidence. . . . The [trial] court’s role in such a hearing is to determine probable success by weighing probabilities. . . . [T]his weighing process applies to both legal and factual issues.’’ (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id., 142. ThecourtinTESFranchising,LLC,thendetermined that the trial court adequately had considered the defenses raised: ‘‘Our review of the trial court’s memorandumofdecisionrevealsthatthecourtproperlytook into account the defendant’s defenses and counterclaims because the court used the correct legal test, acknowledged all of the defenses and counterclaims and explicitly stated that it had considered them. Although the trial court did not discuss the merits of eachclaim,orarticulateitsreasoningforfindingprobable cause with regard to those claims, we presume that the trial court acted properly and considered all of the evidencebeforeit.Thatpresumptionisfurtherstrength
ened by the trial court’s explicit statement that it had considered all of the defendant’s defenses and counterclaims in its determination of probable cause.’’ Id., 141–42. ThedefendantsemphasizethatakeyfactorfromTES Franchising, LLC, is absent from the present case. Specifically, the defendants point to the fact that the trialcourtinthepresentcasedidnotacknowledgetheir defensesorexplicitlystatethatithadconsideredthem. The defendants minimize the fact that the court discussed the merits of each claim and articulated its reasoning for finding probable cause with regard to those claims.Furthermore,afterreviewingthecourt’smemorandum of decision, we conclude that the court specifically and sufficiently addressed the defendants’ defenses. For example, the court discussed the nature of the contractual relationship between the parties and ‘‘whether Nyberg is personally liable as to these claims inasmuch as he failed to disclose that he was acting in a representative capacity of his principal, CSM.’’ The courtalsospecificallyfoundthattheplaintiffshadjustifiablyreliedonthepromiseNybergmadethatadvanced payments for labor would be used on the project. With respect to the defendants’ argument that the plaintiffs neverhadmadeademandforthereturnoftheirmoney in the conversion and statutory theft causes of action, the court specifically stated: ‘‘At some point, the plaintiffs came to realize that the monies paid to [the defendants] were not being used in a proper manner or for theirintendedpurposesinaccordancewiththecontract between the parties. . . . [In] an e-mail from Valencis written to Nyberg, whereinValencis expresses concern over charges not accounted for, [Valencis] states that he expect[s] any unused funds to be immediately returnedandappropriatecreditsissuedtoquestionable charges.’’ (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Finally, the court noted that the plaintiffs had ‘‘demonstrated probable cause as to the element of intent as well as to the other elements of statutory theft . . . .’’ This analysis was, in fact, more comprehensive than that of the trial court in TES Franchising, LLC, which merely referred to, but did not analyze, the defendant’s defenses and counterclaims in any significant detail; it merely set forth the legal standard to grant an application for a prejudgment remedy. See TES Franchising, LLC v. Feldman, Superior Court, judicial district of New Haven, Docket No. CV-05-4013191-S (February 2, 2006); see also TES Franchising, LLC v. Feldman, supra, 286 Conn. 142 (‘‘the far better practice would have been for the trial court to set forth its reasoning withregardtothedefensesandcounterclaimsraisedin opposition to the issuance of a prejudgment remedy’’). The trial court in the present case stated the legal standard for granting an application for a prejudgment remedy,fordrawinganadverseinferenceagainstacivil
defendant asserting his privilege against self-incrimination, and for each of the defendants’ defenses. Furthermore, unlike the trial court in TES Franchising, LLC, the court here expressly set forth its conclusions with referencestotheevidence,andmadeextensivefindings of fact.8 The express consideration of the defenses also strengthens the presumption that the court acted properly and took into account all of the evidence before it. See TES Franchising, LLC v. Feldman, supra, 286 Conn. 142. We also are guided by our decision in Kosiorek v. Smigelski, 112 Conn. App. 315, 323–24, 962 A.2d 880, cert. denied, 291 Conn. 903, 967 A.2d 113 (2009), where the defendant argued that the trial court had failed to takehisdefensesandcounterclaimsintoaccountwhen it granted an application for a prejudgment remedy. This court determined that, ‘‘[a]lthough the defendant argues that the court did not take into consideration his defenses or counterclaims, there is no evidence in the record to support such a contention. The court clearly articulated the proper standard in its memorandum of decision, including the necessity of taking into consideration the defenses and counterclaims of a defendant.’’ Id. Similarly, in the present case there is no indication that the trial court failed to take into account the defendants’ defenses. We thus conclude, on the basis of the memorandum of decision and the controlling case law, that the court gave sufficient consideration to the defenses raised by the defendants. B Thedefendantsnextclaimthattherewasinsufficient evidence to grant the application for a prejudgment remedy. In considering this issue, we will return to the defendants’ defenses, but will consider them as arguments made by the defendants as to whether the plaintiffs met their burden of proof. 1 The defendants first assert that, with regard to the contract claims as applied to Nyberg, ‘‘there is insufficientevidencetoestablishthatitwasclearly[Nyberg’s] intention to assume any personal contractual liability.’’ The proper inquiry, however, is not whether Nyberg so intended, but, rather, whether Nyberg disclaimed personal liability by stating that he was acting as an agent. ‘‘It is clearly the law of this state that [i]t is the duty of the agent, if he would avoid personal liability on a contract entered into by him on behalf of his principal, to disclose not only the fact that he is acting in a representative capacity, but also the identity of his principal, as the person dealt with is not bound to inquire whether or not the agent is acting as such for another.’’ (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Klepp WoodFlooringCorp.v.Butterfield,176Conn.528,532– 33, 409 A.2d 1017 (1979).
Nyberg’s statement that he was a ‘‘ ‘handshake kind of business person’ ’’ and Valencis’ understanding that CSM and Nyberg were ‘‘one and the same’’ could form the basis for probable cause that Nyberg failed to disclose that he was an agent, as could the ambiguous reference in an unsigned contract to ‘‘David W. Nyberg of CSM North, LLC.’’ Nyberg’s statement that he was a ‘‘ ‘handshake kind of business person’ ’’ implies that he personally guaranteed his reliability. Valencis’ belief that CSM and Nyberg were one and the same could indicate that hebelieved CSM was merelya trade name used by Nyberg, rather than a separate entity. There were no references to Nyberg ‘‘on behalf of’’ CSM, or ‘‘as an agent of’’ CSM. It thus was not clear error for thecourttoconcludethat theplaintiffshadestablished probable cause for Nyberg’s personal liability. 2 The defendants next assert, with regard to the promissory estoppel, fraud and negligent misrepresentation counts, that the plaintiffs failed to establish probable cause that the defendants induced the plaintiffs to act in reliance on their statements.9 ‘‘[U]nder the doctrine ofpromissoryestoppel,[a]promisewhichthepromisor should reasonably expect to induce action or forbearance on the part of the promisee or a third person and whichdoesinducesuchactionorforbearanceisbinding if injustice can be avoided only by enforcement of the promise. A fundamental element of promissory estoppel, therefore, is the existence of a clear and definite promise which a promisor could reasonably have expected to induce reliance. Thus, a promisor is not liable to a promisee who has relied on a promise if, judged by an objective standard, he had no reason to expect any reliance at all.’’ (Emphasis omitted; internal quotation marks omitted.) Torringford Farms Assn., Inc. v. Torrington, 75 Conn. App. 570, 575, 816 A.2d 736, cert. denied, 263 Conn. 924, 823 A.2d 1217 (2003); see also Sturm v. Harb Development, LLC, 298 Conn. 124,142,143–44,2A.3d859(2010)(detrimentalreliance element of fraud and negligent misrepresentation). ‘‘Thetrieroffactconsidersallrelevantcircumstancesin determining whether reliance is reasonable. . . . The plaintiff’s knowledge of the misrepresentation carries significant weight.’’ (Citation omitted.) National Groups, LLC v. Nardi,145Conn. App.189,195, 75A.3d 68 (2013). There was sufficient evidence that the defendants maderepresentationsonwhichtheplaintiffsrelied.For example, Nyberg stated in an e-mail: ‘‘The way I can [bill]35[to]40percentlessisbecauseIpaymysub[contractors] weekly as well as all materials are ordered up front for savings. If this is not understood—everyone needs to. I had a budget on this job. Jerry please show me changes, etc. Typically the initial costs are significant. Jerry please put a weekly job meeting together
that is mandatory for our team including me.’’ Nyberg represented that he would pay subcontractors weekly and order materials up front, and he defrayed concerns regarding escalating costs by stating that initial costs aresignificant.Thetrialcourtdeterminedthattheplaintiffs paid the defendants accordingly on the basis of these representations. In addition, the court properly drew an adverse inference based on Nyberg’s invoking hisfifthamendmentprivilegeagainstself-incrimination and his refusal toanswer questions regarding either his role in invoicing or whether he invoiced for materials that were never provided. The court’s conclusion that the plaintiffs had demonstrated probable cause as to theirrelianceonthestatementsmadebythedefendants was not clearly erroneous. 3 Thedefendantsnextclaimthatthecourtlackedsufficient evidence to conclude, with regard to the conversion and statutory theft counts, that the plaintiffs had demonstratedprobablecausethattheymadeademand for return of payments made to the defendants. See Deming v. Nationwide Mutual Ins. Co., 279 Conn. 745, 770–71 905 A.2d 623 (2006) (conversion and statutory theft have identical factors, with addition of intent requirement for statutory theft); Label Systems Corp. v. Aghamohammadi, 270 Conn. 291, 331 n.30, 852 A.2d 703 (2004) (demand requirement where possession not initially wrongful); see also General Statutes § 52-564 (civil damages for theft); General Statutes § 53a-119 (larceny). The plaintiffs pleaded, and the court relied on,astatementbyValencisinane-mailthatheexpected ‘‘any unused funds to be immediately returned and appropriate credits issued to questionable charges.’’ This was in the context of an e-mail in which Valencis also stated that the bank believed that $200,000 of the $600,000 paid to CSM was unaccounted for and that theplaintiffswouldnotbereleasinganyadditionalpayments to CSM. Thedefendantsassertthatthisdemandwasnotsufficiently specific because it lacked a precise amount and did not ask for the immediate return of the money. The defendants fail to cite any case law regarding the specificity of ademand. In Molski v. Bendza, 116 Conn. 710,164A.387(1933),thecourtconsideredthespecificity required by a demand for return. In Molski, as part of acontract for the saleof land, the partieshad agreed thattheplaintiffcouldremovecutwoodfromthedefendant’s newly acquired property. Id., 710. The defendant began preventing the plaintiff and others sent by the plaintiff from picking up the wood. Id., 710–11. The defendant claimed that the plaintiff’s demand for the wood was insufficient because he had not demanded all of it. Id., 711. The court determined that efforts ‘‘made by the plaintiff to remove the wood, [combined] with the refusal of the defendant to let him enter upon
thepremises,servealltherequirementsof[thedemand] rule.’’ Id. In the present case, on the basis of Molski, we conclude that the demand requirement is flexible enough to encompass the trial court’s finding that a demand occurred. In the factual situation presented, the e-mail put the defendants on notice that the plaintiffshadrequestedtheimmediatereturnofanyunspent money and either the repayment of or other restitution for the misspent money. We therefore conclude that it was not clear error for the court to grant the prejudgment remedy with regard to the conversion and statutory theft counts. 4 The defendants’ final claim of insufficient evidence iswithregardtothestatutorytheftcount.Theycontend that the court improperly concluded that the plaintiffs had demonstrated probable cause that the defendants intended to deprive the plaintiffs of their money. ‘‘Conversion can be distinguished from statutory theft as established by § 53a-119 in two ways. First, statutory theft requires intent to deprive another of his property; second, conversion requires the owner to be harmed by a defendant’s conduct. Therefore, statutory theft requires a plaintiff to prove the additional element of intentoverandabovewhatheorshemustdemonstrate to prove conversion.’’ (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Deming v. Nationwide Mutual Ins. Co., supra, 279 Conn. 771. Intent may be inferred from the conduct of the parties. See Masse v. Perez, 139 Conn. App. 794, 801, 58 A.3d 273 (2012), cert. denied, 308 Conn. 905, 61 A.3d 1098 (2013). ‘‘It is well established that the question of intent is purely a question of fact. . . . Intent may be, and usually is, inferred from the defendant’s verbal or physical conduct. . . . Intent may also be inferred from the surrounding circumstances. . . . The use of inferences based on circumstantial evidence is necessary because direct evidence of the accused’s state of mind is rarely available. . . . Intent may be gleaned from circumstantial evidence such as . . . the events leading up to and immediately following the incident. . . . Furthermore, it is a permissible, albeit not a necessary or mandatory, inference that a defendant intended the natural consequences of his voluntary conduct.’’ (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Saez, 115 Conn. App. 295, 302–303, 972 A.2d 277, cert. denied, 293 Conn. 909, 978 A.2d 1113 (2009). Here, Nyberg continued to assure the plaintiffs that their payments were necessary while also failing to pay the subcontractors and suppliers, which provided evidence of the defendants’ intent. Further, the court found, on the basis of the evidence, that Nyberg knew that duplicate bills had been issued and that payment had been made for materials not received and services not rendered. After being confronted about this by
Valencis, the defendants nonetheless retained the funds. The court also emphasized Nyberg’s invocation of his fifth amendment privilege regarding what happenedtothechecksfromtheplaintiffs,whichGinsberg said were placed on Nyberg’s desk. See Olin Corp. v. Castells, 180 Conn. 49, 53–54, 428 A.2d 319 (1980) (adverse inference based on assertion of fifth amendment privilege component of probable cause for intent requirement in fraudulent conveyance action). We conclude,therefore,thatthisevidencewassufficientforthe court to determine that the plaintiffs had demonstrated probablecausefortheintentrequirementoftheirstatutory theft claim.10 II The defendants’ final claim is that the court improperly failed to make a specific finding of damages for each count for which it found probable cause. We are not persuaded. The defendants provide scant legal support for their proposition. They cite to the following passage from Kosiorek v. Smigelski, supra, 112 Conn. App. 322–23: ‘‘[S]ection 52-278d (a) requires that a trial court make a probable cause determination as to both the validity of the plaintiff’s claim and the amount of the remedy sought. See General Statutes § 52-278d (a); see also Union Trust Co. v. Heggelund, 219 Conn. 620, 625, 594 A.2d 464 (1991).’’ (Internal quotation marks omitted.) The court in Kosiorek also stated, however, that a trial court only need determine ‘‘the probable amount of the damages involved’’ and that ‘‘the likely amount of damages need not be determined with mathematical precision . . . the plaintiff bears the burden of presenting evidence [that] affords a reasonable basis for measuringherloss.’’ Kosiorekv. Smigelski,supra,323. In Union Trust Co. v. Heggelund, supra, 219 Conn. 625, the court stated: ‘‘In undertaking the probable cause analysisthat ourpresent statuterequires, acourt isrequiredtoconsidernotonlythevalidityoftheplaintiff’s claim but also the amount that is being sought. See Solomon v. Aberman, 196 Conn. 359, 379, 493 A.2d 193 (1985); Essex Group, Inc. v. Ducci Electric Co., 181 Conn. 524, 525–26, 436 A.2d 16 (1980); Ledgebrook Condominium Assn., Inc. v. Lusk Corporation, [172 Conn. 577, 585, 376 A.2d 60 (1977)].’’ In Solomon v. Aberman, supra, 379, the court stated that, ‘‘[a]s a matter of general experience, a determination of a claim’s probablevaliditynormallywillentail atleastsomeconsideration of the amount of damages which may be founduponafulltrial.’’(Internalquotationmarksomitted.) In Essex Group, Inc. v. Ducci Electric Co., supra, 181 Conn. 525–26, our Supreme Court determined that thetrialcourthadnotcalculatedtheamountofdamages properly and, therefore, the court erred in granting the prejudgment remedy. None of these cases examined whether the court was required to analyze damages for
eachcount.Inallofthesecases,damagesaredescribed with reference to the plaintiff’s total loss or the judgment following trial, rather than to each individual count.SeeSolomonv.Aberman,supra,379(notingtrial courts should consider ‘‘amount of damages’’); Ledgebrook Condominium Assn., Inc. v. Lusk Corp., supra, 585 (prejudgment remedy applications concerning ‘‘unliquidated damages . . . should state facts sufficient to enable the court to determine the probable amount of the damages involved’’). This aligns with the languageof§ 52-278d(a)(1),whichprovidesinrelevant part that the court shall determine ‘‘whether or not there is probable cause that a judgment in the amount of the prejudgment remedy sought, or in an amount greater than the amount of the prejudgment remedy sought. . . will be rendered in the matter in favor of the plaintiff . . . .’’ There is no indication that Kosiorek or its predecessors intended to expand on the statutory requirement.11 Furthermore,othercasesinvolvingprejudgmentremedieshavenotdividedthedamagesamongthedifferent claims. In Kinsale, LLC v. Tombari, 95 Conn. App. 472, 475n.3,478,897A.2d646(2006),thiscourtaffirmedthe trial court’s judgment granting a prejudgment remedy despite the lack of clarity regarding which claims led to the damages: ‘‘The basis of the $100,000 attachment is not totally clear. The court found probable cause as to three of the plaintiffs’ claims: nuisance, malicious erection of a structure and libel. Because the evidence of damages presented at the hearing related to the diminished value of the plaintiffs’ properties, we assume that the prejudgment remedy was based on the claims of nuisance or malicious erection of a structure or both. Although the defendants filed a motion for articulation of the court’s decision, they did not seek an elucidation of the amount awarded for each of the claims for which the court found probable cause.’’ Although other courts have discussed damages on a claim by claim basis, there is no indication that they were required to do so when, for example, damages may be duplicative. See Centimark Corp. v. Village Manor Associates Ltd. Partership, 113 Conn. App. 509, 526–27, 967 A.2d 550 (determining damages for breach of contract, then stating that damages applied to other counts as well), cert. denied, 292 Conn. 907, 973 A.2d 103(2009);seealsoRobertsv.TriPlanetPartners,LLC, 950 F. Supp. 2d 418, 423 n.3 (D. Conn. 2013) (court granted prejudgment remedy but only considered certain claims because plaintiff did not offer evidence of additional damages based on remaining claims).12

Outcome: In determining damages in the present case, the trial court separated those damages subject to statutory treble damages from those damages which were not. It carefully analyzed the evidence to determine the amountsofbothcategoriesofdamages.Thedefendants never asked for an allocation of the damages as to each count, nor have the defendants pointed to a legal requirement that the court do so. The various counts are alternative approaches to claim the appropriate amount of damages for the single series of events that led to a loss by the plaintiffs. For these reasons, we conclude that the court did not commit clear error by failing to make a specific finding of damages for each of the plaintiffs’ counts. Accordingly, we conclude that the court did not commit clear error in granting the plaintiffs’ application for a prejudgment remedy. The judgment is affirmed.

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