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Date: 11-10-2021
Case Style:
United States of America v. Tony Leonard a/k/a Tom Cat, a/k/a Thomas Lee Jones
Case Number: 19-1392
Judge: Monique Naffah O'Toole
Court: United States Court of Appeals
For the First Circuit
On appeal from The
Plaintiff's Attorney: Julia M. Lipez, Assistant United States Attorney, with whom
Halsey B. Frank, United States Attorney,\
Defendant's Attorney:
Description:
Boston, MA - Criminal defense lawyer represented defendant with
one count of possession of a firearm by a prohibited person and one count of possession with the intent to distribute cocaine charges.
In August 2017, Lewiston (Maine) Police Department
("LPD") Patrolman Zachary Provost submitted an affidavit in
support of an application for a state search warrant during the
course of an investigation into suspected drug possession,
furnishing, and/or trafficking by Leonard. Provost had been
employed for five years by the LPD. He was assigned to the plainclothes Special Enforcement Team, and he had completed several
1 So called because the type of hearing derives from Franks v.
Delaware, 438 U.S. 154 (1978).
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training courses related to drug enforcement and had participated
in numerous drug investigations.
Provost sought a warrant to search Leonard himself and
his residence located at 41 Walnut Street, Lewiston, for drugs,
drug paraphernalia, firearms, and other evidence. His affidavit
identified both Apartment #2 and Apartment #3 at that location as
Leonard's residence. The apartments were described as being
located in an off-white multi-unit apartment building directly
above the Midtown Athletic Club. In support of his warrant
application, Provost provided information said to have been
received from three confidential informants or "CIs."2
CI-1 provided information in the hope of favorable
consideration in a pending criminal case involving violation of
conditions of release and drug-related offenses. CI-1 also had
prior arrests for bail violations and false public alarm.
Nonetheless, Provost wrote that CI-1 had "been proven reliable by
providing me with information that I have deemed credible from
prior investigations."
CI-1 informed Provost that a person nicknamed "TOMCAT"
lived above the “Midtown” and was dealing "[c]rack." Provost knew
2 In the affidavit, Provost refers to all the confidential
informants simply as "CI." For clarity, this opinion refers to the
CI who provided information to Provost as CI-1, the CI who provided
information to the other LPD officer as CI-2, and the CI who
provided information to an agent of the Maine Drug Enforcement
Agency as CI-3.
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from prior experience that Leonard used the street name "TOMCAT,"
had a prior conviction for drug trafficking, and had recently been
released from prison. Existing internal LPD records confirmed
Leonard's use of the alias and identified 41 Walnut Street #3 as
his residence. Additionally, a review of his prior criminal history
confirmed that Leonard had numerous convictions for drug
possession and trafficking.
CI-1 reported to Provost that TOMCAT had apartments on
the second and third floors. He stated that the second-floor
apartment was the "TRAP" spot that was unfurnished except for a
folding card table and was commonly used as a "[p]arty [s]pot." He
reported that TOMCAT lived in the third-floor apartment with his
girlfriend.
CI-1 further stated that TOMCAT had video monitoring
devices in the hallways. TOMCAT had access to the surveillance
equipment at all times and typically watched it while dealing
"[c]rack [c]ocaine." CI-1 had seen TOMCAT in possession of a pistol
and ammunition and, within a week or so before the warrant
application, had observed TOMCAT packaging "[c]rack [c]ocaine" for
distribution inside the second-floor apartment. He reported that
TOMCAT kept his firearm and narcotics on the second floor, but he
did not know where TOMCAT kept his drug proceeds.
During the course of the investigation, Provost received
information from another LPD Officer about another registered
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confidential informant, CI-2. According to the other officer, CI2 had prior arrests for theft, operating after a suspension, and
forgery, but had previously provided information that was deemed
credible by police and had led to an arrest. CI-2 claimed to be
interested in reducing drug trafficking in the city because drugs
had "directly affected this CI's life."
CI-2 provided information to the police that TOMCAT was
staying at 41 Walnut Street and was dealing "HARD," which Provost
knew from his experience was a street term for crack cocaine. CI2 stated he could purchase "[c]rack [c]ocaine" from TOMCAT at any
time. On August 14, 2017, CI-2 reported that TOMCAT lived in the
third-floor apartment, but utilized the second-floor apartment to
deal "[c]rack." CI-2 reported there was constant foot traffic
coming and going from the rear door of the building and that TOMCAT
was often seen standing in the rear parking lot. CI-2 also stated
that the residence was equipped with video surveillance.
On August 15, 2017, Provost spoke with an agent of the
Maine Drug Enforcement Agency, who informed him that agents had
recently made contact with CI-3, a cooperating defendant. CI-3
reported to them that TOMCAT was the largest drug trafficker in
the area. CI-3 stated that TOMCAT had apartments on the second and
third floors above the "Midtown Bar" on Walnut Street. CI-3 further
stated that TOMCAT's customers typically used the rear entrance
located on Bartlett Street. CI-3 had recently observed
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approximately 1.5 ounces of "[c]rack [c]ocaine" and 1 ounce of
"[c]ocaine HCL" in the apartment, where he had also previously
observed firearms. CI-3 did not know who owned the firearms.
Shortly before Provost applied for the warrant, the LPD
conducted a controlled purchase of cocaine from Leonard, utilizing
one of the confidential informants.3 According to the affidavit,
officers searched the CI for contraband and equipped him with an
electronic recording and monitoring device. Officers followed the
CI to the parking lot at 41 Walnut Street, where the CI made
contact with Leonard. The CI observed Leonard enter the back door
leading to both the second- and third-floor apartments and return
moments later. The CI provided TOMCAT with pre-counted, recorded
United States currency in exchange for a quantity of cocaine. After
the buy, the CI turned over cocaine to a detective. A field test
indicated the presence of Cocaine HCL.
On August 16, 2017, a state court judge issued the
warrant to search Apartments #2 and #3 at 41 Walnut Street. The
next day, LPD officers executed the search warrant. Officers found
Leonard inside the third-floor apartment. Nearby was a jacket which
contained a handgun and magazine. Officers also found cocaine,
crack cocaine, more than $10,000 in U.S. currency, and a key that
opened the second-floor apartment. In the second-floor apartment,
3 The affidavit does not identify which of the three CIs made
the purchase.
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officers found recently purchased furniture in Leonard's name, a
bill bearing his name, a handgun case corresponding to the handgun
previously seized, another loaded magazine, a digital scale with
white powder residue, a box of plastic baggies, and a firearm
cleaning kit.
A grand jury returned a federal indictment against
Leonard charging him with one count of possession of a firearm by
a prohibited person in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(g)(1) and
924(a)(2), and one count of possession with the intent to
distribute cocaine in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) and
(b)(1)(C). Prior to trial, Leonard filed a motion to suppress the
results of the August 17th search of 41 Walnut Street, as well as
evidence seized pursuant to subsequent search warrants predicated
on the evidence from the search on August 17. He sought a hearing
pursuant to Franks v. Delaware on the basis of what he claimed
were two material omissions from the warrant affidavit.
First, Leonard argued that Provost failed to disclose
that significant interfering background noise prevented the
electronic recording and monitoring device from capturing usable
audio information. Leonard contended that the omission created the
false impression that something of evidentiary value had actually
been recorded or monitored, implicitly boosting the affidavit's
narrative. Second, Leonard argued that Provost failed to disclose
that after completing the controlled buy, the CI did not meet
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immediately with police but rather left the area in a car with an
unidentified person and, only after that, met up with police to
turn over some cocaine. Leonard argued that the circumstance raised
the possibility that the CI had obtained the cocaine from some
source other than Leonard, including the person with whom the CI
had left the area. Disclosure of that fact, he argued, would have
weakened the case for probable cause.
In response, the government contended that the omitted
information would not have materially weakened the probable cause
determination, and that even if the warrant affidavit was deemed
to lack probable cause, thus invalidating the warrant, the officers
had relied in good faith on the judicially authorized search
warrant. See United States v. Leon, 468 U.S. 897 (1984).
The district court denied both Leonard's Franks motion
and his motion to suppress in a brief written decision. The
district court accepted Leonard's factual allegations as true but
concluded that Leonard had not demonstrated that he was entitled
to a Franks hearing. As to the failure to note that the recording
equipment carried by the CI did not provide corroboration for the
CI's own narrative, the district court found that it was not a
material omission because the affiant did not suggest that the
recording device had led to confirming information. As to the
presence of the unnamed additional person in the car with the CI,
the district court determined that even if the affidavit had
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included the information, it would not have sufficiently cast doubt
on the significant amount of other information in the affidavit
that supported probable cause, particularly the consistency of the
information provided by the separate CIs. The court also concluded
that the probable cause standard would have been met even if the
omitted information had been included in the warrant affidavit.
The district court did not address the government's alternative
good-faith reliance argument.
After his conditional plea, Leonard was sentenced by the
court to ninety-six months' imprisonment.4 Leonard had reserved
his right to appeal the district court's order denying the request
for a Franks hearing and motion to suppress, and he timely filed
this appeal.
II. DISCUSSION
Leonard challenges the district court's denial of his
request for a Franks hearing and consequently its denial of his
motion to suppress the fruits of the search. "In considering a
district court's decision to deny a Franks hearing, [this Court]
review[s] factual determinations for clear error and the probable
cause determination de novo." United States v. Arias, 848 F.3d
4 Leonard pled guilty with respect to possession of a firearm
by a prohibited person. The second count of the indictment,
possession of cocaine with intent to distribute, was dismissed by
the district court upon the government's motion.
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504, 511 (1st Cir. 2017) (citations omitted); accord United States
v. Barbosa, 896 F.3d 60, 67 (1st Cir. 2018).
The Fourth Amendment provides that "no Warrants shall
issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation
. . . ." U.S. Const. amend. IV. This requires the judicial officer
considering a warrant application "to make a practical, commonsense decision whether, given all the circumstances set forth in
the affidavit before [them], including the veracity and basis of
knowledge of persons supplying hearsay information, there is a
fair probability that contraband or evidence of a crime will be
found in a particular place." United States v. Tanguay, 787 F.3d
44, 50 (1st Cir. 2015) (quoting Illinois v. Gates, 462 U.S. 213,
238 (1983)). "Performance of this task must take account of the
totality of the circumstances." Id. (citing Gates, 462 U.S. at
238).
Information supporting probable cause may be set out in
an affidavit submitted with the application for a search warrant.
An affidavit supporting a search warrant is presumptively valid.
United States v. Gifford, 727 F.3d 92, 98 (1st Cir. 2013). However,
a defendant may rebut this presumption and challenge the veracity
of the affidavit in a pretrial hearing, "eponymously called a
Franks hearing." Barbosa, 896 F.3d at 67 (citations omitted). At
a Franks hearing, if a defendant shows by the preponderance of the
evidence that the affidavit "contains false statements or
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omissions, made intentionally or with reckless disregard for the
truth, and that a finding of probable cause would not have been
made without those false statements or omissions, then the
defendant is entitled to the suppression of evidence obtained under
that warrant." Arias, 848 F.3d at 511 (citing Tanguay, 787 F.3d at
49).
A defendant, however, is not entitled to a Franks hearing
as a matter of right. Rather, he first must make a "'substantial
preliminary showing' . . . that 'a false statement or omission in
the affidavit was made knowingly and intentionally or with reckless
disregard for the truth' and that the false statement or omission
was 'necessary to the finding of probable cause.'" Id. at 511
(quoting United States v. McLellan, 792 F.3d 200, 208 (1st Cir.
2015)). When a defendant claims there were material omissions from
the facts asserted in an application, he must therefore show that
the omission was "intentional or reckless" and that "the omitted
information, if incorporated into the affidavit, . . . [is]
sufficient to vitiate probable cause." Tanguay, 787 F.3d at 49.
Against this backdrop, we turn to Leonard's attempt to
persuade the Court that the district court erred in its conclusion
that he had failed to make a threshold showing sufficient to
entitle him to a Franks hearing. He contends that if the affidavit
were reformed to include the omitted facts regarding the background
noise and the presence of another individual in the cooperator's
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vehicle, the affidavit would have been insufficient to establish
probable cause that a search of Leonard's residence would turn up
evidence of a crime.5 He also claims the affidavit was insufficient
to establish a nexus to Leonard's third-floor residence.
A. Sufficiency of the Affidavit
The district court found that an affidavit reformed as
Leonard claims it should be would still support probable cause
because the omitted information would not have sufficiently
negated the considerable force of other information in the
affidavit, particularly the consistency of information provided by
three separate confidential informants.
When, as here, the showing of probable cause is based
primarily on information provided by CIs with some additional
corroboration by police investigation, we apply a "nonexhaustive
list of factors" to examine the affidavit's probable cause showing.
United States v. Tiem Trinh, 665 F.3d 1, 10 (1st Cir. 2011).
These factors include, among others, (1)
whether the affidavit establishes the probable
veracity and basis of knowledge of persons
supplying hearsay information; (2) whether an
informant's statements reflect firsthand
5 Leonard also attempts to address the first element of the
Franks test, i.e., that the affiant intentionally or with reckless
disregard for the truth omitted information from the affidavit.
However, he does so only cursorily. But we need not consider
whether Leonard has waived this argument because we conclude that
Leonard has failed to satisfy the second element of the Franks
test and thus his challenge fails on that ground.
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knowledge; (3) whether some or all [of] the
informant's factual statements were
corroborated wherever reasonable and
practicable (e.g., through police
surveillance); and (4) whether a law
enforcement affiant assessed, from his
professional standpoint, experience, and
expertise, the probable significance of the
informant's provided information.
Id. (quotation marks and citations omitted). "Because '[n]one of
these factors is indispensable,' a stronger showing of supporting
evidence as to one or more factors may effectively counterbalance
a lesser showing as to others." Id. (alteration in original)
(quoting United States v. Zayas–Diaz, 95 F.3d 105, 111 (1st Cir.
1996)).
A reformed affidavit to include what Leonard claims was
improperly omitted information would satisfy the Tiem Trinh
factors. First, the affidavit established the probable veracity of
the CIs. As to CI-1, Provost stated the source had proven reliable
in the past with information Provost had deemed credible from prior
investigations. See United States v. Barnard, 299 F.3d 90, 93 (1st
Cir. 2002); see also Tiem Trinh, 665 F.3d at 10–11 (noting that
references to a CI's history of providing information to
authorities provides "some assurance of reliability"); United
States v. Khounsavanh, 113 F.3d 279, 286–87 (1st Cir. 1997). Though
CI-1 had pending charges at the time, providing perhaps an
incentive to falsify information, "[t]he risk that the informant
is lying or in error need not be wholly eliminated. Rather, what
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is needed is that the probability of a lying or inaccurate informer
has been sufficiently reduced by corroborative facts and
observations." See Khousavanh 113 F.3d at 284 (internal quotations
omitted). As to CI-2, despite previous arrests, the source had
provided information in the past that had been found credible and
had resulted in an arrest. See Tanguay, 787 F.3d at 50. CI-2 was
not working for any consideration, but rather claimed to be
motivated by personal experience to help to reduce drug trafficking
in Lewiston. There is no particular background information about
CI-3, but his trustworthiness is enhanced by the fact the
information CI-3 provided implicated himself to some degree
because he had personally observed drugs and firearms in Leonard's
apartment. See id. (noting that trustworthiness may be enhanced by
the extent to which statements are against interest).
Additionally, none of the CIs were anonymous tipsters; rather,
they were "known to the police and could be held responsible if
[their] assertions proved inaccurate or false." See Barnard, 299
F.3d at 93.
Second, the information provided by the CIs was based on
firsthand information and/or provided detailed information about
Leonard's criminal activity. See Gates, 462 U.S. at 234; Barnard,
299 F.3d at 93. Their reliability is bolstered by the "extent and
level of detail" of their information regarding the drug
trafficking operation in the apartments, which reflected "hidden,
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illegal activity, and not generally obtainable, irrelevant, or
non-incriminating facts." See Tiem Trinh, 665 F.3d at 11. CI-1
reported that he had been inside the apartment and had personally
observed Leonard packing crack cocaine for distribution and
possessing a pistol and ammunition. Additional information
specifically described the two apartments, the occupants and
furnishings, location of video monitoring devices, specifics about
Leonard's behavior, and other details. Similarly, CI-3 had
personally observed the presence of drugs and firearms in the
apartment and also provided details as to the use of the apartments
and how drug customers would enter the building.
Third, several components of the CIs' information were
corroborated. Significantly, there was "cross-corroboration"
between the multiple sources to different law enforcement
officers.6 See Barnard, 299 F.3d at 94. All three reported that
6 Leonard suggests that because Provost refers to each
confidential informant as "CI", it is possible that there are not
three different CIs but rather just a single CI. The district
court, however, concluded the opposite, finding that the affidavit
contained "consistent information provided by multiple
confidential informants." We do not think this finding was in clear
error. The way each CI is described in the affidavit shows that
Provost understood each CI to be a different person. See Barnard,
299 F.3d at 94. Provost provided different criminal histories,
motivations for working with law enforcement, and contributions to
prior investigations for each CI. Moreover, each CI interacted
with a different law enforcement officer and provided different
details of TOMCAT's operation that were broadly consistent. See
id. at 94-95.
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Leonard dealt crack cocaine. All three described Leonard's use of
the two apartments on the second and third floors of 41 Walnut
Street, with two of them detailing that Leonard lived on the third
floor and dealt drugs on the second floor. Two described the video
surveillance, two observed a firearm, and two noted that customers
used the rear door. Further, Provost himself conducted some
independent investigation regarding the details, including
reviewing the LPD system to verify that Leonard used the alias
"TOMCAT," that he lived at the address identified by the CIs, that
he had prior convictions for drug possession and trafficking, and
that he had been recently released from prison.7 "Taken together,
the source[s'] account[s]" and the detective's investigation
provided "substantial corroboration for the CI[s'] crucial
allegation of criminal conduct by defendant at his home." See id.
at 95.
Additionally, officers engaged a CI in a controlled buy.
The CI was searched for contraband before the buy and was followed
to Leonard's residence at 41 Walnut Street. The CI made contact
with Leonard, who was observed entering the rear door of the
7 Leonard contends that Provost's review of the LPD's internal
records does not count as corroboration for these purposes because
the information was publicly available. But the alias TOMCAT was
not readily available to the public.
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building and returning with a substance which later tested positive
for cocaine.
To be sure, the controlled buy was not free from
problems, and those problems were not disclosed in the warrant
affidavit. The recording and monitoring device placed on the CI
was ultimately unhelpful because of significant background noise.
However, the affidavit did not state that the device documented
useful evidence,8 and officers were able to surveil 41 Walnut
Street to at least some extent during the buy. Somewhat more
problematic is that the CI traveled away from 41 Walnut Street
with another person before meeting the agents to turn over the
purchased cocaine, raising at least a speculative possibility that
someone other than TOMCAT had been the source of the drugs the CI
turned over to police. But a "less than ideal" controlled buy can
still provide some support for a probable cause finding,
particularly where, as here, the buy yielded information that was
consistent with what the police were told by the three CIs.
Khounsavanh, 113 F.3d at 286; see also, e.g., United States v.
8 Indeed, the affidavit cites the CI personally and not a
recording as the source of information as to TOMCAT'S activities
during the buy. Leonard's contention that the affidavit "nowhere
suggests that police surveilled or even attempted to surveil the
suspect resident during the alleged transaction" is simply not
consistent with what the affidavit reports. The affidavit states
that the "CI was followed to the parking lot of 41 Walnut [Street]"
and that "[a]fter conducting the transaction[,] said CI was
followed back to the designated meet location."
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Genao, 281 F.3d 305, 309 (1st Cir. 2002); United States v. Garcia,
983 F.2d 1160, 1166–67 (1st Cir 1993). Probable cause only requires
a showing of a "fair probability" that contraband or evidence would
be found in the apartment, Khounsavanh, 113 F.3d at 283, and the
other aspects of the buy (including the CI's report that Leonard
provided the cocaine), the cross-corroboration of detailed
information about Leonard's criminal activity in the residence,
and the independent verification about residence, alias, and
criminal background by Provost, sufficiently corroborated the CIs'
factual statements advanced in support of the warrant.
Finally, as to the fourth Tiem Trinh factor, Provost
assessed from his professional experience the probable
significance of the informants' information. He described his five
years on the task force, his prior experience investigating drug
trafficking cases, and his experience preparing and participating
in the execution of numerous search warrants. He noted that based
on his training and experience, it was common for drug traffickers
to store in their residence records pertaining to their operations,
drug paraphernalia, and sums of money that are drug proceeds. "In
the eyes of the issuing justice, these statements could have
boosted the reliability" of the CIs' information as to Leonard's
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drug trafficking and firearms possession. See Barnard, 299 F.3d at
95.
Taken together, these facts--even based upon a reformed
affidavit to include the omissions--were sufficient to give the
issuing judge a substantial basis upon which to conclude that there
was a fair probability that contraband or evidence of a crime would
be found.
B. Nexus to Third-Floor Apartment
We turn to Leonard's alternate argument. He contends
that the affidavit, if reformed, would be insufficient to establish
a fair probability that evidence material to any crime would be
found in Leonard's third-floor apartment specifically. The
government argues in response that the claim should only be
reviewed for plain error because Leonard forfeited the theory by
never expressly arguing before the district court that the reformed
affidavit failed to establish nexus to the third-floor apartment.
The government further argues that even if the argument had been
fully preserved, Leonard cannot show that the reformed affidavit
would have undercut probable cause to search both apartments.
"A warrant application must demonstrate probable cause
to believe that (1) a crime has been committed—the 'commission'
element, and (2) enumerated evidence of the offense will be found
at the place to be searched—the so-called 'nexus' element." United
States v. Feliz, 182 F.3d 82, 86 (1st Cir. 1999). With respect to
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the "nexus" element, a judicial officer must "make a practical,
common-sense decision whether, given all the circumstances set
forth in the affidavit before him . . . there is a fair probability
that contraband or evidence of a crime will be found in a
particular place." Id. (alteration in original) (quoting Gates,
462 U.S. at 238). "The criterion . . . is whether the facts
presented in the affidavit would 'warrant a man of reasonable
caution' to believe that evidence of crime will be found." Id. at
87 (quoting Texas v. Brown, 460 U.S. 730, 742 (1983)).
With respect to a suspected drug dealer's residence,
"[t]he inquiry is not whether 'the owner of the property is
suspected of crime' but rather whether 'there is reasonable cause
to believe that the specific things to be searched for and seized
are located on the property to which entry is sought.'" United
States v. Roman, 942 F.3d 43, 51 (1st Cir. 2019) (quoting Zurcher
v. Stanford Daily, 436 U.S. 547, 556 (1978)). "A nexus . . . need
not, and often will not, rest on direct observation, but rather
can be inferred from the type of crime, the nature of the items
sought, the extent of an opportunity for concealment and normal
inferences as to where a criminal would hide [evidence of a
crime]." Id. (alterations in original) (internal quotation marks
omitted) (quoting Feliz, 182 F.3d at 88). To permit such an
inference of a nexus to a defendant's residence, the court looks
to whether "generalized observations" that "drug dealers tend to
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store evidence in their homes" are combined with "specific
observations, or facts, connecting the drug dealing to the home,"
such as "evidence that drug distribution was being organized from
[the defendant's] residence, that the defendant used his home as
a communications hub for drug activity, or that the defendant
move[d] back and forth from his residence in relation to the drug
transactions." Id. at 51–52 (alterations in original) (citations
omitted) (internal quotations omitted).
It is not necessary for us to decide whether Leonard
waived the nexus argument, because even if it were preserved,
Leonard cannot show the district court committed any error in
finding that the reformed affidavit would have supported probable
cause to search both the second- and third-floor apartments.
Provost made several "generalized observations" based on
his training and experience, such as the commonality of individuals
involved in illegal trafficking of drugs to: possess and store
more than one kind of scheduled drug; possess, maintain, and keep
at their residence records, journals, or notes pertaining to drug
trafficking; possess, maintain, and keep at their residence drug
paraphernalia; and possess, maintain, and keep with or near them,
including at their residence, sums of money.
The affidavit in this case combined those generalized
observations with "specific observations" connecting Leonard's
suspected drug trafficking to his third-floor apartment. While CI-
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1 and CI-2 described the specific drug trafficking as occurring on
the second floor, there was nevertheless sufficient information to
infer evidence would be found on the third floor as well. Two CIs
described Leonard's use of surveillance equipment which monitored
the hallways and common areas of the building. There appeared to
be a common street-level door that led to both floors and
frequently was utilized by customers and also by Leonard during
drug deals.
CI-1 noted that Leonard possessed a firearm and
ammunition, evidence that would likely be present where he lived
and not just where he conducted sales. Leonard had a history of
drug-related convictions and, when asked, CI-3 reported that
Leonard was the largest drug trafficker in the area at the time.
According to CI-1, the "TRAP" spot itself was sparsely furnished,
containing only a folding card table, permitting the inference
that Leonard kept important items, such as his cash and items he
bought with his drug proceeds, in a separate "safe yet accessible"
place, like his home. See, e.g., Feliz, 182 F.3d at 87–88. And, of
course, the place in which CIs observed Leonard to be in possession
of drugs and a firearm was just below his own known residence,
making it likely he could easily move such things between the two
apartments. The facts that would have been presented in a reformed
affidavit would still "warrant a man of reasonable caution" to
- 23 -
believe it reasonably likely that evidence of crime would be found
in Leonard's third floor apartment. See id. at 86.
In sum, there was no error in the district court's ruling
that Leonard had failed to make the threshold showing necessary to
obtain a Franks hearing. If the omitted information had been
included in the warrant application, the reformed affidavit would
nevertheless have justified the necessary finding of probable
cause to search both apartments.
Outcome: For the foregoing reasons, we affirm.
Plaintiff's Experts:
Defendant's Experts:
Comments: