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Date: 07-17-2021
Case Style:
United States of America v. GARTOR KIKI BROWN
Case Number: 20-1452
Judge: PER CURIAM
Court: UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT
Plaintiff's Attorney:
Defendant's Attorney:
Description:
Philadelphia, PA - Criminal defense lawyer represented defendant with the District Court’s dismissal of several of his claims and the grant of summary judgment in favor of defendants.
Brown was arrested in August 2015.1
Detective Raymond Blohm of the Upper
Darby Police Department subsequently obtained a search warrant on October 2, 2015, to
collect Brown’s DNA with a buccal swab. That day, Brown was brought to the Upper
Darby Police Department and placed by himself in a temporary holding cell, handcuffed.
First Blohm, then Brown’s public defender, Jeffrey Sobel, then another detective, Louie
Panagoplos, spoke with Brown about cooperating with the DNA collection. In a twelveminute conversation, Sobel also advised Brown about the validity of the warrant.
When Brown refused to cooperate, Panagoplos, along with Detectives Dustin
Clark and Christopher Karr, and Officer Stephen Tarozzi, physically restrained Brown
for less than thirty seconds while Blohm tried to swab of the inside of Brown’s cheek.
Brown physically resisted the attempt by clenching his face and body; the swab broke.
The officers released Brown while Blohm retrieved additional swabs, standing near him
without touching him. When Blohm returned, the other officers held Brown by his
shoulders, hair, and the side of his face for less than a minute while Blohm swabbed the
inside of Brown’s cheek. Blohm exited the cell, and two officers helped Brown get up.
1
Because we write primarily for the parties, we recite only the facts necessary for our
discussion; these facts are undisputed unless otherwise noted.3
Brown was escorted out of the cell. On Blohm’s request, the video of the incident was
preserved.
In 2016, Brown filed a complaint in the District Court alleging that Blohm and
Sobel subjected him to excessive force when they collected the buccal swab specimen.
Brown amended his complaint in late March 2018, adding defendants and seeking to
bring claims based on an additional unrelated incident that occurred on the same day as
the buccal swab after he was returned to his jail, as well as another unrelated assault in
February 2016. Several claims were dismissed by the District Court at that point.
Brown and the remaining defendants — Sobel, Blohm, Clark, Kerr, and additional
officers Sergeant Fitzpatrick and Upper Darby Superintendent of Police Michael
Chitwood2 — proceeded to discovery. The parties filed cross-motions for summary
judgment, which the District Court granted for defendants and denied for Brown.3
Brown timely appealed.
II.
We have jurisdiction over this appeal pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291.
4
We exercise
2
We substitute the correct spelling for the name of the defendant identified as Michael
Cheitwood in the District Court.
3 The video from the holding cell where Brown’s buccal swab sample was taken was
provided to the District Court at summary judgment.
4
Although the District Court did not specifically address Brown’s claims against an
unidentified “Jean Doe” defendant that Brown named in his amended complaint, that
defendant was never served with process and thus was never a party to the case within the
meaning of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 54(b). See Gomez v. Gov’t of Virgin
Islands, 882 F.2d 733, 735-36 (3d Cir. 1989); United States v. Studivant, 529 F.2d 673,
674 n.2 (3d Cir. 1976). Accordingly, the District Court’s orders are final and appealable,4
plenary review over the District Court’s orders dismissing and granting summary
judgment on Brown's claims. See Blunt v. Lower Merion Sch. Dist., 767 F.3d 247, 265
(3d Cir. 2014); Fowler v. UPMC Shadyside, 578 F.3d 203, 206 (3d Cir. 2009). Dismissal
is appropriate “if, accepting all well-pleaded allegations in the complaint as true and
viewing them in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, a court finds that [the] plaintiff’s
claims lack facial plausibility.” Warren Gen. Hosp. v. Amgen Inc., 643 F.3d 77, 84 (3d
Cir. 2011). Summary judgment is appropriately granted “if the movant shows that there
is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a
matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a).
III.
We agree with the District Court’s disposition of Brown’s claims. Brown’s claims
pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against defendant Sobel, Brown’s public defender, were
properly dismissed because Sobel was not acting under color of state law for purposes of
§ 1983 when he provided legal advice to Brown before officers collected Brown’s buccal
swab sample. See Polk County v. Dodson, 454 U.S. 312, 325 (1981).
The District Court properly dismissed or granted summary judgment for
defendants on all of Brown’s new federal claims in his operative 2018 amended
complaint. His claims based on new allegations of an incident at his prison in October
2015 were filed outside of the relevant statute of limitations and did not relate back to his
original 2016 complaint. Brown named several new defendants in his amended
and we have jurisdiction over this appeal. See Gomez, 882 F.2d at 735-36. We note that
Brown raises no claim of error regarding the “Jean Doe” defendant.5
complaint and alleged that a group of them had violated his civil rights in various ways
after he was returned to his prison once the buccal swab sample was taken.
As the District Court properly concluded, these claims were filed outside of the
statute of limitations for civil rights claims, which is two years in this case. See Kach v.
Hose, 589 F.3d 626, 634 (3d Cir. 2009) (“The statute of limitations for a § 1983 claim
arising in Pennsylvania is two years.”); see also 42 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 5524(2). Brown’s
claims did not relate back to his original complaint pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil
Procedure 15(c)(1) because his new allegations did not “assert[] a claim or defense that
arose out of the conduct, transaction, or occurrence set out — or attempted to be set out
— in the original pleading.” See Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(c)(1)(B); see also Glover v. FDIC,
698 F.3d 139, 146 (3d Cir. 2012) (“[I]t is well-established that the touchstone for relation
back is fair notice, because Rule 15(c) is premised on the theory that a party who has
been notified of litigation concerning a particular occurrence has been given all the notice
that statutes of limitations were intended to provide.”) (internal quotation marks and
citation omitted). Brown’s initial allegations were solely related to claims about the way
that his DNA sample was taken at the police station, not to an incident allegedly
occurring at his prison thereafter.
Brown also alleged for the first time in his amended complaint that he was
assaulted by Blohm, Fitzpatrick, and Chitwood sometime in February 2016 because he
refused to provide evidence against another suspect. These claims, too, are barred by the
statute of limitations because he raised them for the first time in late March 2018, more
than two years after the alleged assault occurred. See Kach, 589 F.3d at 634. The claims 6
do not relate back to his original complaint because he has not alleged a connection
between the buccal swab incident and this later alleged assault. See Fed. R. Civ. P.
15(c)(1)(B). Brown’s arguments on this point lack merit.
5
Accordingly, the District
Court properly granted summary judgment for Blohm, Fitzpatrick, and Chitwood on
these claims.
Next, the District Court correctly granted summary judgment for Blohm, Clark,
and Kerr on Brown’s § 1983 excessive force claims stemming from the collection of the
buccal swab sample. “[U]sing a buccal swab on the inner tissues of a person’s cheek in
order to obtain DNA samples is a search” that triggers the Fourth Amendment’s
protections against unreasonable searches and seizures. Maryland v. King, 569 U.S. 435,
5
In his appellate brief, Brown argues for the first time that the statute of limitations for
his allegations beyond the buccal swab incident should be tolled because: (1) his new
allegations were similar enough and close enough in time to his allegations of assault
stemming from the buccal swab collection; and (2) the District Court stayed his case for a
period of time while his criminal charges were being adjudicated and that time period
should not be counted towards his limitations period based on Pennsylvania law. See
Appellant’s Br. at p. 8-10. Even if this Court could consider Brown’s arguments in the
first instance, they are meritless. Allegations of wholly separate assaults by different sets
of parties than in Brown’s buccal swab assault allegations did not put those parties on
notice that he sought to bring claims against them. See Glover, 698 F.3d at 146. Further,
the Pennsylvania statute cited by Brown to support his second argument provides that
when “the commencement of a civil action or proceeding has been stayed by a court or by
statutory prohibition, the duration of the stay is not a part of the time within which the
action or proceeding must be commenced.” See 42 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 5535(b) (emphasis
added). However, no such stay was in effect when Brown initiated this action, so this
provision does not support his tolling argument. Cf. Pearson v. Sec’y Pa. Dep’t of Corr.,
775 F.3d 598, 602 (3d Cir. 2015) (addressing statutory prohibition that stays
commencement of an action). Further, all of Brown’s alleged assaults had already taken
place by the time he filed his initial complaint and those factual allegations could have
been included at the outset of this action.7
446 (2013). In evaluating Brown’s excessive force claims, we consider whether a
constitutional violation occurred using the Fourth Amendment’s objective reasonableness
test. See Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 395, 397 (1989). We evaluate objective
reasonableness under the “totality of the circumstances” and “from the perspective of the
officer at the time of the incident” without “the benefit of hindsight.” Santini v. Fuentes,
795 F.3d 410, 417 (3d Cir. 2015) (citation omitted).
In this case, based on the video of the entire incident in question, no reasonable
juror could conclude that any officer used excessive force in restraining Brown to take a
buccal swab, pursuant to a facially valid warrant, after he repeatedly refused to permit
them to do so. See Kopec v. Tate, 361 F.3d 772, 777 (3d Cir. 2004) (explaining that
although “[r]easonableness under the Fourth Amendment should frequently remain a
question for the jury,” summary judgment may be granted for a defendant “if the district
court concludes, after resolving all factual disputes in favor of the plaintiff, that [an]
officer’s use of force was objectively reasonable under the circumstances”) (internal
quotation marks and citations omitted). At his deposition, Brown conceded the
authenticity of the video and that no one punched, kicked, or struck him, as he had
previously alleged. He argued that the force used to obtain the swab, as seen on the
video, was nonetheless excessive.6
6
To the extent that Brown testified for the first time at his deposition that he was beaten
in a separate incident on the same day that his buccal swab was taken, the District Court
properly concluded that his new allegations, contradicting his prior statements with no
explanation, were not properly before the Court. Brown did not request leave to amend
his complaint to add allegations about such an incident, and, to the extent that he was 8
Objectively considering the totality of the circumstances, we note that the officers
repeatedly attempted to convince Brown to provide a sample willingly and permitted him
to have a twelve-minute conversation with his public defender. The force used was only
what was necessary to obtain a sample despite Brown’s active resistance, and the officers
did not touch Brown between their first and second attempts. The officers’ actions were
objectively reasonable under these circumstances.
Brown’s related claim that he was unlawfully searched without a warrant lacks
support. A facially valid warrant was introduced as part of the record at summary
judgment, and Brown has not shown why the officers had any reason to question its
reliability. Accordingly, summary judgment was properly granted on this claim as well.
For the remaining § 1983 claims against individual defendants that Brown
mentioned in his amended complaint, including First Amendment retaliation, Eighth
Amendment deliberate indifference, and Equal Protection claims, the record at summary
judgment contained no evidence that Brown’s constitutional rights were violated when
his DNA was collected. Further, the District Court correctly granted summary judgment
on all of Brown’s § 1983 claims in which he sought to establish municipal liability on a
failure to train theory, as the record did not provide support for any underlying
constitutional violation. See Hill v. Borough of Kutztown, 455 F.3d 225, 245 (3d Cir.
2006). Accordingly, the District Court properly granted summary judgment on Brown’s
remaining federal claims.
seeking to dispute what occurred when his buccal swab was obtained, his allegations are
directly contradicted by the record.9
There is no evidence to support Brown’s state law claims against Sobel, who,
according to video evidence, never touched or threatened Brown during his DNA
collection. The remaining officers are immune from money damages under
Pennsylvania’s Political Subdivision Tort Claims Act (“PSTCA”) for actions taken
within the scope of their duties. See Sanford v. Stiles, 456 F.3d 298, 315 (3d Cir. 2006);
see also Vargas v. City of Phila., 783 F.3d 962, 975 (3d Cir. 2015) (stating that the
“PSTCA provides immunity to municipalities and its employees for official actions
unless the employee’s conduct goes beyond negligence and constitutes ‘a crime, actual
fraud, actual malice, or willful misconduct’”) (quoting 42 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 8550). As
already established, the record evidence does not support Brown’s allegations that any
officer took any action that would fall outside the scope of immunity provided for in the
PSTCA. See Sanford, 456 F.3d at 315 (explaining that “willful misconduct is a
demanding level of fault”).
Finally, we discern no abuse of discretion in the District Court’s denial of Brown’s
motion for appointment of counsel. See Tabron v. Grace, 6 F.3d 147, 158 (3d Cir. 1993).
We similarly see no error in the District Court’s discovery-related rulings that Brown
challenges on appeal. Brown claims that certain defendants’ discovery responses were
incomplete, but has not specifically contended how further discovery would have
supported his claims. See Anderson v. Wachovia Mortg. Corp., 621 F.3d 261, 281 (3d
Cir. 2010).
Outcome: For these reasons, we will affirm the judgment of the District Court
Plaintiff's Experts:
Defendant's Experts:
Comments: