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Date: 11-03-2021
Case Style:
JERIEL EDWARDS v. CITY OF MUSKOGEE, OKLAHOMA
Case Number: 20-7000
Judge: Harris L Hartz
Court: UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT
Plaintiff's Attorney: United States Attorney’s Office
Defendant's Attorney:
Description:
Denver, CO - Criminal defense lawyer represented defendant with a driving under the influence charge. He now appeals from a district-court order granting summary judgment to City of Muskogee Police Officers Greg Foreman, Steven Harmon, Bobby Lee, and Dillon Swaim on his excessive-force claims
Shortly after 10 p.m. on October 25, 2016, Officer Foreman was on patrol in his
vehicle when he was flagged down by a man concerned about a car stopped in a
restaurant’s driveway. According to the man, the car had been there for about an hour
and the driver was “just out of it.” Aplt. App. at 113 (internal quotation marks omitted).
Officer Foreman drove up behind the car, the front of which was “sticking
partially out into the street.” Id. at 98. He exited his patrol vehicle, approached the car’s
driver-side door, and asked the driver several times, “How’s it going,” “Let me see your
I.D.,” and “Can you talk?” Id. at 113-14 (internal quotation marks omitted). The driver
was barely responsive. For example, Officer Foreman had to instruct him several times
to “put [the] car in park” before he complied. Id. at 98.
Officer Foreman believed, based on his training and experience, that the driver
was under the influence of drugs or alcohol. In particular, he suspected that the driver
1 In determining whether qualified immunity applies, “we ordinarily accept the
plaintiff’s version of the facts—that is, the facts alleged.” Redmond v. Crowther,
882 F.3d 927, 935 (10th Cir. 2018) (internal quotation marks omitted). But those
“facts must find support in the record.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). Thus,
if the plaintiff’s “version of the facts is blatantly contradicted by the record, so that
no reasonable jury could believe it, then we should not adopt that version of the
facts.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). In recounting the background facts of
this case, we rely on video footage showing Edwards’s encounter with police, the
transcript of that encounter, the officers’ affidavits and reports, and the state-court
records. In opposing summary judgment in the district court, Edwards submitted no
evidence. Thus, to the extent Edwards asserts a factual version that conflicts with
this universe of evidence, we do not adopt his version.
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“was under the influence of PCP because [of] the way he was acting.” Id. at 136.2
He
soon recognized the driver as Edwards, whom he had encountered previously. He
radioed the dispatcher, asking for a record check on Edwards. Edwards found his wallet
and gave his ID to Officer Foreman. Throughout their interaction, Edwards “kept putting
his hands in and out of his pants pockets.” Id. at 98.
Officer Foreman decided to arrest Edwards for driving under the influence. He
ordered him to get out of the car and to stop putting his hands in his pockets. Officer
Harmon arrived on the scene and approached to assist.
Officer Foreman opened the driver-side car door while Edwards unbuckled his
seat belt and placed his wallet on the console. Edwards still had difficulty following
Officer Foreman’s instructions. When Edwards stood up out of the car, Officer Foreman
told him to face away with his hands behind his back. Edwards initially faced away, but
both officers had trouble handcuffing Edwards, as he did not keep his arms behind him.
Officer Harmon repeated several times, “Hands behind your back.” Id. at 116 (internal
quotation marks omitted). Officer Foreman radioed for assistance.
From this point forward, it would take officers almost four minutes to handcuff
Edwards, who is 6’1” tall and weighed 225 pounds. Based on his training and
experience, Officer Foreman thought it was “safer to take a non-compliant suspect who is
2 “Officers at the Muskogee Police Department are instructed that noncompliant suspects under the influence of PCP are extremely dangerous because they
are unpredictable, have enhanced physical strength and endurance, and are
impervious to pain.” Aplt. App. at 106. They are also told that such individuals can
experience “excited delirium when they are involved in extended fights or struggles,
and officers are instructed to get them into custody as quickly as possible.” Id.
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actively resisting to the ground when attempting to subdue and handcuff [him].” Id. at
99. He therefore ordered Edwards to “get on the ground.” Id. at 116 (internal quotation
marks omitted). When Edwards did not comply, the officers forced him to the ground,
where they continued to struggle to handcuff him, attempting to pull his arms behind his
back while he faced downward and kept his arms in front of him. Officer Foreman said
that he “could not control . . . Edward’s [sic] hands and arms,” as “[h]e was extremely
strong.” Id. at 99.
Officer Harmon similarly thought that Edwards possessed “extraordinary
strength.” Id. at 103. He delivered “three closed fist punches to [Edwards’s] rib area in
the attempt to get [him] to comply that had no effect.” Id. at 144. Edwards asked,
“Why’re you punching me?” Id. at 117 (internal quotation marks omitted). The officers
continued ordering Edwards to put his hands behind his back.
Officer Harmon positioned himself briefly on Edwards’s back while he continued
trying to pull Edwards’s arms behind him. Edwards kept asking, “Why’re you punching
me, sir?” id. at 117 (internal quotation marks omitted), but the videos do not indicate that
any further blows were delivered. The officers told him, “Stop resisting” and “Quit
resisting.” Id. at 118 (internal quotation marks omitted). Edwards responded, “I ain’t
resisting,” although he did not comply with their demands. Id. (internal quotation marks
omitted). During the struggle Officer Foreman “could smell an odor [he] associated with
persons under the influence of PCP.” Id. at 99.
Unable to handcuff Edwards, Officer Harmon said, “Okay . . . taze him.” Id. at
118 (ellipsis in original, internal quotation marks omitted). As Edwards was lying in the
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parking lot, Officer Foreman “deployed [his] Taser into . . . Edwards[’s] back.” Id. at 99.
When that failed to elicit compliance, he tried “stapling”—that is, “mov[ing] the
connecting wires onto . . . Edwards[’s] calf[ ] in an effort to obtain neuromuscular
incapacitation.” Id. Edwards yelled, “Hey!!” and momentarily stopped struggling as
Officer Harmon worked near his head to secure his arms. Id. at 118 (internal quotation
marks omitted). But Edwards resumed struggling with Officer Harmon while Officer
Foreman repeatedly directed him to “[p]ut [his] hands behind [his] back,” id. at 118
(internal quotation marks omitted), and “cycl[ed] the [Taser] device through 2 five
second cycles” id. at 99. Three times, Edwards responded, “My hands behind my back!”
Id. at 118 (internal quotation marks omitted). But each time his hands were still in front
of him or underneath him as he attempted to rise to his knees. Officer Foreman
commented that the Taser was not affecting Edwards, and Officer Harmon agreed
At this point, Edwards had risen to his hands and knees. Attempting to stand up,
he reached around the back of Officer Harmon’s neck and asked, “Why’re you doing this
shit to me?” Id. at 118 (internal quotation marks omitted). Edwards was soon on his feet
but bent forward as Officer Harmon tried to push his upper body toward the ground.
Officer Foreman fell forward but was able to push Edwards backward onto his buttocks,
against the driver-side compartment of Edwards’s car and the open car door.
Another officer arrived and joined the effort. Officer Foreman told Edwards twice
more to stop resisting. Edwards said he was not resisting, but he grabbed the arm of
Officer Foreman, who struck Edwards’s arm with his flashlight and yelled “Let go of
me!!!” Id. at 119 (internal quotation marks omitted).
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Lt. Lee arrived as the other officers were engaged with Edwards at his open car
door. He “slid in behind [Edwards, who was in a seated position,] and applied a bilateral
neck restraint.”3
Id. at 106. Within about 20 seconds, Officer Foreman was able to
handcuff one of Edwards’s wrists.
More officers began arriving, including Officer Swaim. He “grabbed [Edwards’s]
other arm and helped the other officers force [Edwards’s] other wrist into . . . the
handcuffs.” Id. at 109. One of the officers ordered Edwards to “Relax . . . relax . . .
relax!” Id. at 119 (ellipses in original; internal quotation marks omitted).
Edwards was soon fully handcuffed and the officers began backing away. Two
officers remained with him, however, holding him in place. Officer Harmon asked,
“Anybody need EMS?” Id. at 120 (internal quotation marks omitted). Officer Foreman
responded, “We need EMS for [Edwards].” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).
Edwards asked, “What are you guys doing?” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). Lt.
Lee called for EMS [Aplt. App. at 142] and another officer told Edwards he was going to
jail for having “fought the police . . . intoxicated.” Id. (ellipsis in original; internal
quotation marks omitted).
3 This type of “restraint momentarily disrupts the carotid [artery] blood flow to
the brain” in order to make a person “lose consciousness for a few seconds.” Aplt.
App. at 106. Edwards claims that Officer Foreman also applied a neck restraint; and
Officer Foreman indicated in his police report that after striking Edwards with his
flashlight, he “eventually had to put [Edwards] in a neck restraint in an attempt to
control him.” Id. at 136. But even if both Officer Foreman and Lt. Lee used a neck
restraint, it would not change the outcome of this appeal. There is no evidence that
the neck restraint was applied in an improper manner or that Edwards suffered any
long-term injury from the restraint; nor has Edwards argued that use of this type of
restraint is per se excessive force.
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Officer Swaim sat Edwards up and “noticed a strong chemical smell.” Id. at 109.
An inventory search of Edwards’s car revealed two Xanax tablets and a bottle containing
a liquid that smelled like PCP.
EMS arrived and evaluated Edwards, determining that his “vitals were fine.” Id.
at 142. Officer Foreman then took Edwards to the hospital for a blood test and to get
“medically cleared” for jail. Id. at 106. The hospital admitted Edwards because he had
become “unresponsive.” Id. at 136. As Officer Foreman later learned, Edwards had
suffered a broken nose during his arrest.
Edwards was charged in state court with driving under the influence of drugs (a
felony), resisting an officer (a misdemeanor), and possessing a controlled dangerous
substance (two felony counts—PCP and Xanax). Edwards pleaded no contest4 and was
sentenced.
In 2018, Edwards filed this civil-rights action against the City of Muskogee and
Officers Foreman, Harmon, Lee, and Swaim. He claimed that (1) the individual officers
were liable for using excessive force under the Fourth Amendment, as he had provided
no resistance; and (2) the City was liable for excessive force under Oklahoma’s
Constitution.
The district court dismissed Edwards’s claim against the City, and the case
proceeded against the individual defendants, who moved for summary judgment on the
basis of qualified immunity. The district court granted the motion, concluding that
4 Although the Amended Judgment and Sentence states that Edwards entered a
guilty plea, that statement appears to be a mistake.
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Edwards had not shown the violation of a constitutional right or that the asserted right
was clearly established.
DISCUSSION
I. Standards of Review
Ordinarily, “[w]e review a grant of summary judgment de novo.” Savant Homes,
Inc. v. Collins, 809 F.3d 1133, 1137 (10th Cir. 2016). Summary judgment is required “if
the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant
is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).
But when a defendant asserts a qualified-immunity defense, our review “differs
from that applicable to review of other summary judgment decisions.” Redmond v.
Crowther, 882 F.3d 927, 935 (10th Cir. 2018) (internal quotation marks omitted). “A
defendant’s motion for summary judgment based on qualified immunity imposes on the
plaintiff the burden of showing both (1) a violation of a constitutional right; and (2) that
the constitutional right was clearly established at the time of the violation.” Burke v.
Regalado, 935 F.3d 960, 1002 (10th Cir. 2019) (internal quotation marks omitted). Only
if the “plaintiff meets this heavy burden” must “the defendant . . . prove that there are no
genuine disputes of material fact and that he is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.”
Puller v. Baca, 781 F.3d 1190, 1196 (10th Cir. 2015).
II. Excessive Force
The Fourth Amendment’s reasonableness standard governs “[a]ll claims that law
enforcement officers have used excessive force—deadly or not—in the course of an
arrest, investigatory stop, or other seizure of a free citizen.” Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S.
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386, 395 (1989) (emphasis and internal quotation marks omitted). Thus, we employ “a
standard of objective reasonableness, judged from the perspective of a reasonable officer
on the scene, rather than with 20/20 vision of hindsight.” Pauly v. White, 874 F.3d 1197,
1215 (10th Cir. 2017) (internal quotation marks omitted). “The right to make an arrest . . .
necessarily carries with it the right to use some degree of physical coercion . . . to effect
it.” Lundstrom v. Romero, 616 F.3d 1108, 1126 (10th Cir. 2010) (internal quotations
marks omitted). But to assess the propriety of the coercion under specific facts,
we “balance the nature and quality of the intrusion on the individual’s Fourth
Amendment interests against the importance of the governmental interests alleged to
justify the intrusion,” id. (internal quotation marks omitted), paying “careful attention to
the facts and circumstances of each particular case, including [1] the severity of the crime
at issue, [2] whether the suspect poses an immediate threat to the safety of the officers or
others, and [3] whether he is actively resisting arrest or attempting to evade arrest by
flight,” Graham, 490 U.S. at 396 (emphasis and internal quotation marks omitted).
5
5 Although § 1983 liability must ordinarily be “traceable to a defendantofficial’s own individual actions,” Pahls v. Thomas, 718 F.3d 1210, 1225 (10th Cir.
2013) (internal quotation marks omitted), an “individualized analysis” is not required
in an excessive-force case where, as here, “all Defendants actively participated in a
coordinated use of force,” and they were “engaged in a group effort.” Est. of Booker
v. Gomez, 745 F.3d 405, 421-22 (10th Cir. 2014). Although Lt. Lee and Officer
Swaim were not engaged with Edwards for the same amount of time as Officers
Foreman and Harmon, a jury might find that they all participated in a coordinated use
of force against Edwards to handcuff him. Thus, “we will consider the officers’
conduct in the aggregate.” Pauly, 874 F.3d at 1214.
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A. Severity of Edwards’s Suspected Crime
Officer Foreman suspected that Edwards was driving under the influence of PCP.
Although “minor non-violent offenses clearly weigh against the objective need to use
much force against [an arrestee],” Mglej v. Gardner, 974 F.3d 1151, 1168 (10th Cir.
2020), Edwards’s suspected crime was a felony, which generally tilts the first Graham
factor against the arrestee, see Est. of Valverde ex rel. Padilla v. Dodge, 967 F.3d 1049,
1061 n.2 (10th Cir. 2020). Moreover, while “our cases have not considered the nature of
a felony in determining that it is a serious offense under the first Graham factor,” id., we
note that Muskogee police officers are instructed that individuals under the influence of
PCP can be extremely dangerous.
We conclude that the first Graham factor—severity of the crime—weighs against
Edwards.
B. Whether Edwards Posed an Immediate Threat to Officer Safety
“The second Graham factor, whether the suspect posed an immediate threat to the
safety of the officers or others[,] is undoubtedly the most important.” Emmett v.
Armstrong, 973 F.3d 1127, 1136 (10th Cir. 2020) (internal quotation marks omitted).
“[A]n officer may use increased force when a suspect is armed, repeatedly ignores police
commands, or makes hostile motions towards the officer or others.” Mglej, 974 F.3d at
1168 (internal quotation marks omitted).
Here, officers employed considerable force against Edwards. They forced him to
the ground, delivered three closed-fist punches to his ribs, tasered and stapled him, struck
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him with a flashlight, and placed him in a neck restraint, all while wrestling with him to
gain control of his arms and force his wrists into handcuffs. He suffered a broken nose.
Nevertheless, we cannot say the force used was unreasonable from the perspective
of an officer on the scene concerned about safety. Edwards moved his hands in and out
of his pockets while Officer Foreman initially interacted with him, and he ignored
officers’ repeated commands to put his hands behind his back. He struggled with
officers, at times grabbing them and attempting to rise to his feet. He had an imposing
physical stature and exhibited both incoherence and PCP-enhanced effort and
imperviousness to pain. Significantly, it took multiple officers engaged in a prolonged
struggle with him to place him in handcuffs.
Edwards contends that officers “did not give [him] sufficient time to obey the
command to put his hands behind his back,” and that “prior to the initial takedown [he]
showed no sign of resistance, disobedience, or violence.” Aplt. Opening Br. at 16. But
the videos show Edwards moving his arms and body as Officers Foreman and Harmon
first attempted to handcuff him. And during this handcuffing attempt, Officer Foreman
recognized the need for assistance and called for back up. “The calculus of
reasonableness must embody allowance for the fact that police officers are often forced to
make split-second judgments—in circumstances that are tense, uncertain, and rapidly
evolving—about the amount of force that is necessary in a particular situation.” Graham,
490 U.S. at 396-97. To the extent that Edwards claims he was “subdued” by the time
Officer Harmon delivered the three closed-fist punches to his ribs, Reply Br. at 9, the
record contradicts that claim.
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We conclude that the second Graham factor—threat to officer safety—weighs
against Edwards.
C. Whether Edwards Actively Resisted Arrest
Edwards characterizes his effort to avoid being handcuffed as no more than
passive or minimal resistance. For the same reasons we determined that the second
Graham factor weighs against Edwards, we conclude that the third Graham factor—
active resistance to arrest—also weighs against him. The record contradicts Edwards’s
portrayal of limited resistance. Officers Foreman and Harmon were unable to handcuff
him even after tasing and stapling him. Indeed, Edwards attempted to stand up while
continuing to struggle with both officers. And after a third officer joined the struggle,
Edwards still managed to grab Officer Foreman by the arm. It took several additional
officers working together to force Edwards’s wrists into the cuffs while Lt. Lee employed
a neck restraint on Edwards before he was finally subdued. No reasonable jury could
conclude that Edwards was not actively resisting arrest from the moment Officer
Foreman first tried to handcuff him until his eventual handcuffing by multiple police
officers.
Because all three Graham factors weigh against Edwards, his excessive-force
claim fails, and the defendants are entitled to summary judgment in the absence of a
constitutional violation. See Puller, 781 F.3d at 1196 (“Failure on either element [of the
qualified-immunity analysis] is fatal to the plaintiff’s claims.”); see, e.g., Hinton v. City
of Elwood, 997 F.2d 774, 781-82 (10th Cir. 1993) (qualified immunity available based on
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no constitutional violation where officers wrestled plaintiff to the ground and used a stun
gun on him for “actively and openly resisting [their] attempts to handcuff him”).
Outcome: We affirm the district court’s judgment.
Plaintiff's Experts:
Defendant's Experts:
Comments: