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Defendant's Attorney: Pierce Jukichi Jordan and Steven George Wraith

Description: Walla Walla, Washington personal injury lawyers represented Plaintiffs, who sued Defendant on a premises liability negligence theory.

Courtney Little was injured when she slipped and fell on ice while
walking out of Super 1 Foods, a grocery store owned by Rosauers Supermarkets, Inc.
Ms. Little and her husband sued for negligence, but their case was dismissed on summary
judgment based on Rosauers’s assertion of assumption of the risk. We reverse. Rosauers
should have reasonably expected that customers like Ms. Little would traverse the parking
lot during store hours, despite the presence of ice. Rosauers had a duty to keep their
parking lot reasonably safe from ice accumulation and cannot escape liability on a theory
of assumption of the risk.

FACTS

On the morning of Presidents’ Day 2019, Courtney Little stopped by Super 1
Foods in Walla Walla to pick up doughnuts for her coworkers. The weather was cold,
but there had not been any recent snowfall. When Ms. Little got to the store, she opened
her car door and remarked to herself, “Wow. It’s icy.” Clerk’s Papers at 43. She was
cautious as she made her way into the store, describing her gait as a “penguin walk[ ].” Id.
Ms. Little’s hands were basically empty; the only item she carried into the store was a
small wallet. Ms. Little made it safely into the store, purchased some doughnuts and milk,
and then headed back to her car.

The lot was still icy when Ms. Little walked back to her car. Ms. Little continued
to exercise caution and resumed her penguin walk. This time, Ms. Little’s hands were
not empty, she was carrying groceries. As Ms. Little made her way back to her car, she
slipped on ice and fell. The fall caused Ms. Little to suffer a patella fracture.
Representatives of Super 1 Foods acknowledged in depositions that their parking
lot can get slick due to ice and they recognize that icy conditions do not stop people
“in the Inland Northwest” from going about daily activities. Id. at 84. Super 1 Foods
contracts with a company during the winter that will plow and/or deice its parking lot
prior to the store opening for the day. In addition, employees at Super 1 Foods check
the parking lot during regular business hours and apply additional deicer when needed.
According to Super 1 Foods, when deicer is applied it is “effective.” Id. at 90.

PROCEDURE

The Littles sued Rosauers Supermarkets, Inc., the owner of Super 1 Foods, for
negligence. Rosauers subsequently moved for summary judgment, arguing it was not
liable based on the defense of implied primary assumption of the risk. Rosauers pointed
out that Ms. Little had lived in the Walla Walla area for several years and was familiar
with risks posed by winter weather and ice. On the day of her fall, Ms. Little saw that
there was a “sheet of ice” over “the whole parking lot” at Super 1 Foods. Id. at 43-45.
Given these circumstances, Rosauers claimed Ms. Little had assumed the risk of injury
when she ventured out onto the icy parking lot. According to Rosauers, Ms. Little’s
assumption of the risk was a complete defense to the Littles’ negligence claim, warranting
summary judgment. The trial court agreed with Rosauers, granted judgment and
dismissed the case. The Littles now appeal.

ANALYSIS

Our analysis of the trial court’s summary judgment order involves two steps.
First, we examine the legal rule known as implied primary assumption of the risk,
which operates as a complete defense to a claim of negligence.2 This process is de novo.
See State v. Kurtz, 178 Wn.2d 466, 469, 309 P.3d 472 (2013). Second, we apply the
law regarding primary assumption of the risk to the specific facts of the parties’ case.
In this second stage of the analysis, we construe the facts in the light most favorable to the
Littles and engage in a de novo assessment of whether Rosauers is entitled to summary
judgment. Folsom v. Burger King, 135 Wn.2d 658, 663, 958 P.2d 301 (1998).

1. Assumption of the risk as a complete defense to liability

Washington’s law of premises liability is rooted in sections 343 and 343A of the

Restatement (Second) of Torts (Am. L. Inst. 1965).

Under section 343, a possessor of

2 The concept of assumption of the risk has four iterations that carry confusing
labels: (1) express, (2) implied primary, (3) implied unreasonable, and (4) implied
reasonable. Gregoire v. City of Oak Harbor, 170 Wn.2d 628, 636, 244 P.3d 924 (2010)
(plurality opinion). Only the first two iterations constitute a complete defense to liability,
while the latter two encompass comparative fault. Id. In addition, the only difference
between express and implied primary assumption of the risk is that the former is
manifested by “‘words’” and the latter by “‘conduct.’” Hvolboll v. Wolff Co., 187 Wn.
App. 37, 48, 347 P.3d 476 (2015) (quoting Erie v. White, 92 Wn. App. 297, 302-03, 966
P.2d 342 (1998)).

3 Nevertheless, section 343 of the Restatement has not replaced the common law.
See Johnson v. Liquor & Cannabis Bd., 197 Wn.2d 605, 613 n.4, 486 P.3d 125 (2021).

land may be held liable in negligence for failing to exercise reasonable care to protect
invitees4 from dangers posed by conditions on the possessor’s land. The duty to exercise
reasonable care is excused (and liability is therefore avoided)5 if a land possessor can
establish implied primary assumption of the risk on the part of an invitee.

The defense of implied primary assumption of the risk is recognized in section
343A(1) of the Restatement, which contains two distinct clauses: “[1] A possessor of land
is not liable to . . . invitees for physical harm caused to them by any activity or condition
on the land whose danger is known or obvious to [an invitee], [2] unless the possessor
should anticipate the harm despite such knowledge or obviousness.”

When section 343A(1)’s first clause applies, it negates the land possessor’s duty
of due care as set forth in section 343 and therefore constitutes a complete defense to a
negligence claim. A defense under section 343A(1)’s first clause (which is more fully
discussed in section 496C of the Restatement) focuses on the knowledge of the plaintiff.

4 An “invitee” is someone who enters or remains “on land upon an invitation
which carries with it an implied representation, assurance, or understanding that
reasonable care has been used to prepare the premises, and make [it] safe for their
reception.” RESTATEMENT, supra, § 332 cmt. a. A store customer qualifies as an invitee.
Id. 5 The elements of negligence are: (1) the existence of a duty, (2) breach, (3) injury,
and (4) proximate cause. Johnson v. Liquor & Cannabis Bd., 197 Wn.2d 605, 611, 486
P.3d 125 (2021). If duty is negated, a negligence claim must fail.

A defendant land possessor asserting the defense of primary assumption of the risk
under section 343A(1)’s first clause must prove “the plaintiff (1) had full subjective
understanding (2) of the presence and nature of the specific risk, and (3) voluntarily chose
to encounter the risk.” Kirk v. Wash. State Univ., 109 Wn.2d 448, 453, 746 P.2d 285
(1987) (citing RESTATEMENT, supra, § 496C(1)).

Assumption of the risk pursuant to section 343A(1)’s first clause is not always
available. As set forth in section 343A(1)’s second clause, the first clause does not apply
in circumstances where a land possessor should anticipate harm, despite the obviousness
of the risk.6 As explained in the Restatement commentary, “[t]here are . . . cases in which
the possessor of land can and should anticipate that the dangerous condition will cause
physical harm to the invitee notwithstanding its known or obvious danger. In such cases
the possessor is not relieved of the duty of reasonable care which [they] owe to the invitee
for [their] protection.” RESTATEMENT, supra, § 343A cmt. f.

Our state courts have recognized that the second clause of section 343A(1) can
be met when snow or ice accumulates on a land possessor’s property. Mucsi v. Graoch
Assoc. Ltd. P’ship No. 12, 144 Wn.2d 847, 859-60, 31 P.3d 684 (2001) (recognizing that

6 The word “unless,” which connects the first and second clauses of section
343A(1) dictates this result. For an invitee, the upshot of this conjunction is that if
the second clause is satisfied, then the first clause cannot be met.

snow and ice in a parking lot invokes comment f of section 343A where an invitee “will
encounter the known or obvious danger because to a reasonable person in that position
the advantages of doing so would outweigh the apparent risk”); Iwai v. State, 129 Wn.2d
84, 93-94, 915 P.2d 1089 (1996) (plurality opinion). Pursuant to the second clause of
section 343A(1), the obvious presence of snow or ice does not preclude a land possessor
from liability if harm can be anticipated. Instead, the land possessor must take reasonable
care to protect against the danger of harm. If a breach in duty occurs and an invitee can
satisfy the other elements of a negligence claim, then the land possessor may be held
liable, subject to offset should there be a finding of comparative fault.

While section 343A(1) allows an invitee to assert a claim for negligence based on
accumulated snow or ice, a full defense based on implied primary assumption of the risk
is still possible. In Hvolboll v. Wolff Company, this court pointed out that section
343A(1)’s second clause focuses on the land possessor’s knowledge and what the land
possessor can reasonably anticipate with respect to risk of harm. 187 Wn. App. 37, 48-49,
347 P.3d 476 (2015). Hvolboll recognized that there are “many cases” where a land
possessor can be expected to anticipate harm despite the obviousness of a dangerous
condition. Id. at 49. But this is not always true. For example, if (as happened in Hvolboll)
an invitee chooses to take an unexpected path across a land possessor’s icy property, the
land possessor may not reasonably anticipate harm. In such circumstances, assumption
of the risk may come into play as a defense to liability, assuming the land possessor can
prove the three elements required by section 343A(1)’s first clause.


The parties and the superior court expressed concern that, under Hvolboll,
assumption of the risk is always available as a full defense to premises liability based
on icy conditions. This is a misreading of our decision. Hvolboll merely held that implied
primary assumption of the risk is legally available when the conditions set forth in the
second clause of section 343A(1) are not satisfied. Id. at 47-50. Hvolboll did not overturn
the rule found in the Restatement that the defense of implied primary assumption of the
risk under the first clause of section 343A(1) is available only if the second clause of
section 343A(1) is unmet.

Rosauers makes the further argument that the second clause of section 343A(1)
is limited to circumstances such as black ice or when an invitee is not capable of being
aware of icy conditions, such as when the invitee has impaired vision. This is incorrect.
The second clause of section 343A(1) applies to obvious conditions known to an invitee.
Black ice is not obvious. And a person who is not capable of being aware of icy

7 As previously noted, the three elements are: “the plaintiff (1) had full subjective
understanding (2) of the presence and nature of the specific risk, and (3) voluntarily chose
to encounter the risk.” Kirk, 109 Wn.2d at 453 (citing RESTATEMENT, supra, § 496C(1)).

conditions does not know about the conditions. The scenarios identified by Rosauers
do not begin to fall within the rubric of implied primary assumption of the risk.
2. Application of assumption of the risk principles to this case
Our assessment of Rosauers’s implied primary assumption of the risk defense turns
solely on section 343A(1)’s second clause. This second clause focuses on what Rosauers
knew or should have known and whether it should have anticipated harm despite the
obviousness of ice.

The record here shows a predictable set of facts that Rosauers should have
anticipated, despite the obviousness of the potential harm. It is undisputed that Super 1
Foods opened at its regularly scheduled time on the day of Ms. Little’s fall. Ms. Little
used a common pathway (the parking lot) when walking between Super 1 Foods and
her car. This fact alone distinguishes Ms. Little’s fall from the one in Hvolboll where that
plaintiff ventured over a snow berm, built up in the common area of an apartment
complex, without using a designated walkway. Rosauers has admitted knowing that
individuals living in the Pacific Northwest will venture out into icy or snowy conditions
despite the risk of harm. Rosauers is also legally expected to know that when a customer
is carrying groceries (like Ms. Little), they are at increased risk of being distracted. See
RESTATEMENT, supra, § 343A cmt. f.

The facts proffered by the Littles fall comfortably within the factual
scenario contemplated by section 343A(1)’s second clause. The Littles have therefore
produced sufficient evidence to avoid dismissal of their claims on Rosauers’s affirmative
defense of assumption of the risk.8 Summary judgment was unwarranted.

8 Even if the Littles are able to prove to the trier of fact that assumption of the risk
is not applicable, this does not necessarily mean Rosauers ultimately will be found liable.
The Littles would still be required to prove the elements set forth in section 343, which
includes proof of actual or constructive knowledge and failure to take action within a
reasonable time. Mucsi, 144 Wn.2d at 859. Furthermore, any finding of comparative fault
may operate to reduce damages. Id. at 860.

Outcome: Conclusion

Summary judgment is reversed. This matter is remanded for further proceedings.

Pennell, J.
WE CONCUR:
____________________________
Siddoway, C.J.
Staab, J.

Plaintiff's Experts:

Defendant's Experts:

Comments: